ANALEC 2ND QUARTER BLOOD

Formed elements Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

living cells; -,-,-

Plasma

the non-living fluid matrix.

Color, Ph, Temp

Physical characteristics

Scarlet red, dark red

oxygen-rich blood is -, oxygen-poor blood is -.

7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline

must stay between - and - (slightly -).

38, 100.4

about -°C (-°F), slightly higher than body temperature.

Plasma, 90

-is about -% water and carries over 100 dissolved substances: nutrients, salts (metal ions), respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, and waste products.

Albumin

the most abundant plasma protein

Albumin

regulates osmotic pressure

Clotting proteins

help stop blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

Antibodies

help protect the body from antigens.

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Formed Elements

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Platelets

cell fragments

Erythrocytes, oxygen

The main function of - is to carry -

1000-1

They outnumber white blood cells by about - to -.

Biconcave discs

Erythrocytes are shape like -

Erythrocytes, hemoglobin

- are Essentially bags of -

Anucleate (no nucleus)

Erythrocytes are also -

Erythrocytes, organelles

Contain very few -

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein that binds strongly but reversibly to oxygen

Hemoglobin, 4

Each - molecule has - oxygen-binding sites

250 million

Each erythrocyte contains about - hemoglobin molecules

Anemia

lack of iron in the body.

iron supplements.

Treatment for anemia

Thalassemia

inherited disorder (autosomal recessive) affecting hemoglobin production.

Regular blood transfusions

Treatment for thalassemia

Sickle cell anemia

inherited disorder in which red blood cells become crescent (sickle) shaped.

Bone marrow/stem cell transplant

Treatment for sickle cell anemia

Leukocytes

are crucial in the body's defense against disease.

Leukocytes, nucleus, organelles

Unlike erythrocytes, they are complete cells with a - and -

Diapedesis

Ameboid motion

Positive chemotaxis

Key abilities of leukocytes:

Diapedesis

move into and out of blood vessels.

Ameboid motion

move by flowing cytoplasm.

Positive chemotaxis

respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues.

4000-11000

Normal range of leukocytes: +–+cells/mm³.

Leukocytosis

above 11,000/mm³; generally indicates an infection.

Leukopenia

below 4,000/mm³; commonly caused by certain drugs.

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes

Types of leukocytes

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

Granulocytes

Granulocytes

have cytoplasmic granules that can be stained:

Neutrophils

multilobed nucleus with fine granules;

Neutrophils

act as phagocytes at active sites of infection.

Eosinophils

large brick-red granules; i

Eosinophils

increase with allergies and parasitic worms.

Basophils

histamine-containing granules

Basophils

initiate inflammation.

1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

Agranulocytes

Agranulocytes

lack visible cytoplasmic granules:

Lymphocytes

nucleus fills most of the cell;

Lymphocytes

important in the immune response.

Monocytes

largest WBCs

Monocytes

function as macrophages;

Monocytes

important in fighting chronic infection.

Platelets, megakaryocytes

Fragments of ruptured multinucleate cells called -

Platelets

Needed for the clotting process

Platelets, 150,000-400,000

Normal count: +–+/mm³

Hematopoiesis

is blood cell formation.

Hematopoiesis, red, hematocytoblast

It occurs in - bone marrow, and all blood cells come from a common stem cell, the -

Lymphoid stem cells

produces lymphocytes.

Myeloid stem cells

produces all other formed elements.

Erythrocytes

•Cannot divide, grow, or synthesize proteins

100-120

Wear out in +–+days

Wornout, macrophages, spleen and liver

- cells are eliminated by - in the - and -

Hematocytoblast

Lost cells are replaced by division of -

Erythropoietin

Erythrocyte productions is The rate is controlled by the hormone - (EPO)

Kidneys, epo, reduced

The - release most - in response to - blood oxygen levels

Homeostasis, negative feedback

-is maintained by - from blood oxygen levels

Hemostasis

is the stoppage of blood flow after a break in a blood vessel.

1. Vascular plasms

2. Platelet plug formation

3. Coagulation

Hemostasis has three phases:

Vascular plasms

The immediate response to blood vessel injury

Vascular plasms, serotonin

Triggered by direct injury, chemicals such as - released by platelets, and local pain reflexes

Vascular plasms, narrows, decreasing

Spasms - the vessel, - blood loss

Platelet plug formation

A break in the vessel exposes collagen fibers

Platelets

- become "sticky" and cling to the fibers

Anchored platelets

release chemicals that attract more platelets

Platelet

Platelets pile up to form a - plug

Tissue factors, coagulation

Injured tissues release - (TF)

PF3, TF, clotting factors, calcium ions, clottin cascade

- (a platelet phospholipid) interacts with -, -, and - to trigger a -

Prothrombin activators

- converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

Thrombin

joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin

Fibrin

forms a meshwork that is the basis of the clot

3-6

Blood usually clots within +–+ minutes

Endothelium

The clot remains while the - regenerate.

Clot

The - is broken down after tissue repair

Thrombus

a clot in an unbroken blood vessel;

Thrombus

can be deadly in areas like the heart.

Embolus

a thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream;

Embolus

can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain.

Thrombocytopenia

platelet deficiency (count below 50,000/mm³);

Thrombocytopenia

even normal movements can cause bleeding from small vessels.

Thrombocytopenia

Examples: dengue hemorrhagic fever, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Hemophilia

hereditary bleeding disorder in which normal clotting factors are missing; also called the "Royal Disease."

15-30,

Loss of +–+% of blood causes pallor and weakness

30

Loss of over +% causes severe shock, which can be fatal

Transfusions

are the only way to replace blood quickly, and transfused blood must be of the same blood group

Antigens

Blood contains genetically determined proteins called -

foreign antigen

A - may be attacked by the immune system

Agglutination

Blood is typed using antibodies that make blood with certain proteins clump (-)