Ap Pysch Vocab, Ms. Warner

First Test kinda nervy uwu

Nature

refers to the biological and genetic influences that affect who we are. These can include genes, inehrited traits brain structure, and biolgical processes.

Nuture

refers to the enviornmental influnces that affect who we are. These can include family, friends, culture, education, experiences, and teh enviornment in which we grow up.

Pseudopyschology

fake psychology (palmistry, astrology, phrenology, colorlogy)

The Barnum Effect

people’s tendency to believe or accept when there’s fake generalization of them, especially if it’s postive.

Biopsychological (perspective/approach)

behavior viewed in terms of biological responses (genetics, nuerotransmitters, brain structure)

keywords: genetics, nuerotransmitters, hormonal changes, physical changes affect behavior

Behaviorism/Behavioral

Behavior is a result of learned (conditioned) responses. Learned through rewards and punishment or observation.

Keywords: rewards & punishments, group rules and expectations, learned behavior, John Watson, B.F. Skinner

Humanistic

Behavior viewed as a reflection of personal growth and reaching one’s full potential (self-actualization).

A person needs unconditional positive regard (love and support) to become their best self.

Keywords: all humans are born good, self-actualization, free will and choices, unconditional positive regard

Psychoanaluytic/Psychodynamic (Frued)

Behavior viewed as a result of the unconcious mind. (unacceptable desires, repressed memories)

Keywords: repression, inapproriate desires, Sigmund Frued

Cognitve (thinking) pyschology

Behavior viewed as a product of a person’s thoughts and interpretation.

Key words: conscious thoughts, thinking can solve a problem

Social Cultural/Sociocultural

Behavior is viewed as strongly influenced by a person’s culture, social groups, and society.

Keywords: family tradition, cultural practices

Evolutionary

Behavior is viewed as a result of evolutionary adapation.

Key words: adaptation for human survival, Darwian evolution

Electicism

Using a combination of approaches/perspectives.

Psychiatrist

Medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.

Developmental

The branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes across the human lifespan from birth to death.

Psychometric

The scientific study and measurement of human mental capacities, processes, and psychological traits.

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) psychology

The applied subfield of psychology that uses scientific principles and research to study human behavior in the workplace and improve organizational productivity, health, and overall employee well-being

Neuropsychology

The branch of psychology that studies how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes.

Clinical psychology

The branch of psychology that studies, assesses, diagnoses, and treats psychological disorders and behavioral problems.

Community psychology

Branch of psychology that studies how individuals relate to their communities and wider society, focusing on prevention and systemic change rather than just individual psychotherapy

Counseling psychology

A branch of psychology that assists people with everyday challenges—often related to school, work, marriage, or routine life transitions—in order to help them achieve greater well-being.

Personality psychology

The subfield of psychology that investigates an individual's persistent, stable traits, thoughts, feelings, and behavioral patterns over time

Educational psychology

A subfield of psychology that studies how people learn, retain knowledge, and process information in educational settings

Social psychology

The scientific subfield of psychology that studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other people

Human factors psychology

An applied subfield that studies how people interact with machines, technology, and physical environments to make them safer and easier to use

School psychologist

A specialist who assesses and intervenes for children and youth in educational settings.

Positive psychology

The scientific study of human flourishing focuses on the strengths, virtues, and factors that help individuals and communities thrive.

Experimental psychology

A subfield of psychology that uses scientific and controlled methods to study behavior and mental processes in humans and animals.

Forensic psychology

The application of psychological principles, research, and clinical skills to legal and judicial settings.

Health psychology

A subfield that examines how biological, psychological, and social factors influence physical health, illness, and wellness.

Rehabilitation psychology

A specialty subfield that applies psychological principles to help people who have lost optimal function after an injury, illness, or disabling condition.

Sport psychology

A subfield of psychology that studies how mental processes and emotions affect athletic performance and physical activity.

Superego

The part of Sigmund Freud's structural model of personality that acts as our internal moral compass and conscience.

Ego

Attempts to balance the id and supergo (reality principle).

ID

Follows the pleasure principle; only cares about getting what it wants.

Repression

To push into the unconcious mind, bury painful thoughts/memories.

Regression

To regress back to childish behavior.

Denial

To not admit the real problem.

Intelllectualization

To completely turn off one’s emotion.

Rationalization

Attempting to justify or making up excuses.

Reaction formation

Feelings expressed as the opposite of one’s true self/feelings.

Identification with the Agressor

To begin to take on the characteristics of abusers.

Projection

A person’s real feelings or behaviors are projected on another person.

Sublimation

Express unacceptable impluses (thoughts, desires) in an acceptable way to express it.

Displacement

Taking anger out on the wrong source/redirecting anger at a safer source.

Projective Personality Tests

The beliefs is the subject’s responses express a person’s unconcious thoughts and gives insight into his/her personality.

Based on the pyschoanalysis/pyschodynamic appraoches in pyschology.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Designed by Herman Porsach

Originally to be used to check for mental illness

Later used as a projective personality test.

The TAT

Thematic Apperception Test

• People describe what is happening in ambiguous pictures.

Validity vs. Reliablity

Validity: Is this a correct/true way to test?

Reliability: Are the results consistent?

Real Self Vs. the Ideal Self Congruence

The state of balance that happens when your real self matches your ideal self.

Abraham Maslow - Humanisitc Pyschologist

Best kown for his idea of self-acutalization as the ultimate goal which is reaching one’s full potential.

Self Efficacy

How competent you feel in your abilities.

High Self-efficacy

Confident about one’s abilities to get things done.

Low Self-efficacy

Feeling unsure about one’s abilities.

Reciprocal Determinism

How personality and the enviornment interact and influence a person.

Locus of control

A social-cognitive concept introduced by Julian Rotter that describes whether a person believes the outcomes in their life are caused by their own actions or by outside force.

Interal Locus of control

The perception that you control your own fate and destiny through your personal actions, choices, and hard work

External Locus of Control

The psychological belief that outside forces—such as luck, fate, or other people—control the events and outcomes in your life rather than your own actions.

Openness

Open to new experiences (curious, exploratory, imaginative, creative, adventurous)

Conscientiouness

Responsible, determined, detailed, methodical, self-disciplined, and organized.

Extraversion

Socially adaptable, socially energized by others, self-confident, assertive.

Agreeableness

How well you get along with others, likeability, coperative, frendliness, emotional warmth, and kindness.

Neuroticism/emotional stability

Anxious, moody, stressed out, worrisome, nervous, frustrated.