ANS 150 Exam 4

Trend of farms in dairy industry

down

trend of the cow inventory in dairy industry

up

Trend of Gross income in dairy industry

up

Top producing state for dairy cattle

California, Wisconsin, New York, Idaho, Pennsylvania

Worldwide trend with milk/dairy products during past 5 years

Increasing

Where are greatest number of dairies and cows in NC

Piedmont and mountain regions

What happened in NC that decreased number of dairy producers in 1990

Government buy-out

Many producers in NC feel pressure from _________ that makes it hard to justify _________________

urban sprawl; value of land (increasing)

Why is fluid milk production centralized around large cities?

Fresh products (short shelf life)

Lactation length for dairy cattle

305 days

Heifers are usually allowed to exhibit ______________ before they are bred

several estrous cycles

When do you want heifers to calve

2 years old

Is A.I of natural mating more commonly used in dairy cattle

A.I

How many dairy cattle are bred in the US using ai

85%

____________ is an economically important trait in dairy cattle with _________________

Milk production; high heritability

Why is AI more commonly used for dairy cattle

Milk production, intensively managed already, mean ahh bulls

Why do dairy farms extended lactation lengths compared to beef cattle?

Milk is the commodity

Term for when lactation is terminated in dairy cattle

“drying off'“

What is a “dry” dairy cow

Mature, non-lactating cows

When does milk production peak in dairy cattle

Days 45-75

differences in total milk production per cow are usually due more to _______________ rather than an increase in ______________

an extension of peak production (65%); amount during peak production (35%)

How are dairy cattle typically managed?

In groups?

Lactation requires……

Very high level of management

How often do dairies milk cows

At least twice a day sometimes 3 times

What does each cow have?

Individualized computer records

What happens to dairy cattle since they are milked multiple times a day

Given supplemental grain and observed

How is supplemental grain usually offered to dairy cattle?

in a free-stall

What is concentrate usually a mixture of

silage and corn, cottonseed hulls, or other high energy feeds

What do all dairy cattle need in addition to supplemental grain

roughage

How is roughage or fiber needs met by for dairy cattle

pasture grazing and/or feeding hay

What occurs if dairy cattle do not have adequate fiber (roughages intake)

Several metabolic problems and decreased % of milk fat (lower quality)

Milking equipment and milk processing/storage have to be

inspected and maintained

How are dairy cattle milked?

mechanically; oscillations between positive and negative pressure

Milking systems must be _______________________ on a regular basis

checked and adjusted

What can failure to check and adjust milking systems lead to?

Damage to cow test and over milking.

Physical trauma to the teat and mammary gland are caused by

Prolonged exposure to improper pressure changes

____ tolerance for antibiotics in milk

zero

How is milk tested?

A sample is taken from bulk storage tank.

What happens if there are antibiotics in milk?

milk isn’t purchased or unloaded into tanker truck

Antibiotics are an approved way to treat cows with problems that occur normally such as

mastitis, retained placentas, foot and leg sores

All antibiotics for DC are approved by the FDA and have

Specific withdrawal times

Dairy industry has made the best use of ______ for improved ________ than any other commodity except the poultry industry

genetic selection; productivity

Milk Productivity has a….

high heritability

DHIA- centralized dairy records program center

Dairy herd improvement association

When are calves weaned

24-48 hours

Calves are kept in ____ until about ___________

calf hutches; 7 weeks of age

Calves are fed _________ gallons of milk per day and a ________ free choice

1-2; calf concentrate

Important aspects of raising dairy calves

Colostrum, bio security, socialization

Dairy calves are kept in calf hutches until they are about ____________ of age

7-9 weeks

After 7-9 weeks of age, calves should be

Fully transitioned into a roughage, concentrate diet with no milk (second weaning)

Dairy cattle at 9 weeks of age are

regrouped and placed on pasture

DC after 9 weeks of age are fed

similar to adult lactating cows, accesses to pasture/hay all the time and fed concentrate twice a day

When were horses domesticated?

5000-6000 years ago (4000 BC)

What is represented in modern horse breeds?

Two races of wild horses

Prezewalski Horse (wild horse)

Mongolia

Tarpan horse

southern Russia (Ukraine)

Why were horses domesticated?

transportation and food

How did wild horses in the Americas come to be

horses that crossed Siberian ice bridge, explorers

When was the first horse hit used

4000 BC

When was the first saddle with stirrups used?

3000 BC

When was military use of horses very prevalent

1000 AD

Which animal has the oldest recorded use of AI in domestic animals

horses

How did we find out about AI being first used with domestic aniamls

arabic texts dating back to 1322

Which animal is responsible for man’s ability to populate the world?

Horse

Trend of equine farms, inventory, and Gross income in us

down, down, up

horse auditions

neigh, nicker, snort/squeal/roar

what does a neigh mean

greeting or separation call, important in maintaining herd cohesion

What call do horses expect a response to?

neigh, nicker

What does a nicker mean?

care-giving or care-soliciting, may be done to person feeding them

Horse squeal

Defensive greeting or in response to pain

Horse snort

sharp, short one = alarm call; repeated= frustration

Horse roar

stallion directed towards mare = dominance call

Horse ears pointed forwards

interested and attentive

Horse ears pinned back against head

agression, irritability

How are submissive horses ears?

Rolled outwards

Younger horses that are sub normally approach dominant horses

with lips retracted and teeth exposed

Horses have the _____ response

flehman

Why do horses use smells?

social and reproductive behaviors (pheromones)

When do light breeds of horses hit puberty

12-24 months (15 avg)

When do draft horses hit puberty

18-24 months (20 avg)

When is horses breeding season

April to december

In horses, periods of long CONTINUOUS daylight exposure (___________) stimulate __________

15-16 hours; ovarian activity

In horses, ___________ inhibit ovarian activity

periods of short daylight (<10 hours)

In horses, changes in daylight are processed where?

pineal gland

When it’s dark in horses, ______ is converted to _________

seratonin, melatonin

When do horses begin to cycle>

When seratonin/melatonin is high

Normal estrous cycle length?

21 days

Mares exhibit estrus for _______ days and ovulate _____________

5-7; 1-2 days before the end of estrus

When do mature mares exhibit estrus after foaling?

first 2 weeks, “foal heat:

Why shouldn't mares be bred during foal heat?

Pregnancy rates <10-days post-partum are reduced by 20% avg

Ways to see if mares are exhibiting estrus

winking, urinating large amounts frequently, squealing, break

What does it mean for a mare to wink

rhythmic opening/closing of vulva

What does it mean for a mare to break

assuming breeding posture or stance

Pasture breeding in mares

1 stallion:15-20 mares

Pen breeding

1 stallion, 1 mare, smaller space

In-Hand breeding

1 stallion, 1 mare in controlled conditions, special equipment, mare might have light sedation

when is mare bred?

When the largest follicle is 12-15mm

What happens in a mare is not bred during breeding season

She will exhibit anestrus (no reproductive activity)

What transition period in mares

Anestrus to estrus or vice versa