Unit 2 Reformation AP EURO

Philip Melanchthon

He was a key figure in the early Reformation, known for his role in shaping Lutheran theology and education, as well as for his work in drafting the Augsburg Confession.

Black Legend

A style of anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic propaganda that spread across Europe during the Reformation period in the 16th century that depicted Spain as cruel and oppressive, highlighting its brutal treatment of indigenous peoples and its excessive zeal in enforcing Catholic orthodoxy.

Magisterial Reformers

16th-century Protestant leaders who relied on the authority of secular rulers and city councils (magistrates) to reform and institutionalize the church and promote Protestant teachings, often integrating theological reforms with political power.

Scholasticism

A rigorous academic approach used to organize, define, and defend Protestant orthodoxy in universities and theological schools during the Reformation, emphasizing reason and logic in faith discussions.

Donatists

A pejorative label and historical comparison used by mainstream Catholics and Protestant reformers (like Lutherans) to discredit the Anabaptists and other radical separationist movements.

Council of Trent

A landmark 16th-century ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church that served as the official Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation

St. Ignatius of Loyola

A key leader and the founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

John Calvin

French theologian, pastor, and reformer

Anti-Trinitarians

Radical Christian theologians and groups who rejected the traditional doctrine of the Trinity

Schleitheim Confession of 1527

The earliest and most representative statement of faith of the Anabaptist movement during the Radical Reformation

Peace of Augsburg

Was a 1555 treaty that legally ended the religious war between Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the Lutheran German princes. Only applied to Lutheranism

Cuius Regio Eius Religio

a Latin political and legal principle meaning each ruler will choose his religion

Anabaptists

Radical 16th-century Protestant reformers who believed that baptism was valid only for adults who could consciously confess their faith

Marburg Colloquy

A historic 1529 meeting in Germany that attempted to unite German and Swiss Protestant reformers

Peasant Revolt

German Peasants' War (1524–1525)- Listened to what Martin Luther said and decided together they didnt need lords.

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain who fiercely defended the Catholic Church against the spread of the Protestant Reformation

Diet of Worms

Formal assembly of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Worms in 1521, famous for putting Martin Luther on trial for heresy

Johann Tetzel

German Dominican friar and Grand Commissioner for indulgences

Ninety-Five Theses

List of academic discussion points written in 1517 by Martin Luther, a German priest and theology professor, that sparked the Protestant Reformation

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

Was a 1520 manifesto written by the German reformer and priest Martin Luther during the early stages of the Protestant Reformation

Imitation of Christ-

A famous Christian devotional book written in the early 15th century by Thomas à Kempis, which remained widely read and influential across both Catholic and emerging Protestant circles

Benefice System

An institutional arrangement in the Catholic Church pairing a church office with a permanent source of revenue, awarding parts of church family

Modern Devotion

A late medieval and pre-Reformation religious renewal movement that emphasized an inner, personal spiritual life and practical piety over external rituals

Book of Common Prayer-

A foundational worship guide written in English to replace multiple complex Latin Roman Catholic service books

Jesuits

A Roman Catholic religious order founded in 1534 by St. Ignatius of Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III in 1540

 

Act of Supremacy

a 1534 law passed by the English Parliament that declared King Henry VIII—and all of his royal successors—to be the "Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England", completely replacing the Pope

Reformation Parliament

The historic legislative assembly summoned by King Henry VIII that sat from November 1529 to April 1536.

Schmalkaldic League

A defensive military alliance of Protestant princes and free imperial cities in the Holy Roman Empire

Thomas Cranmer

First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury and a main leader of the English Reformation under Henry VIII and Edward VI

Anne Boleyn

Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 and the second wife of King Henry VIII, whose marriage pushed the nation to break away from the Roman Catholic Church and start the English Reformation.

Lady Jane Grey

An English noblewoman known as the "Nine Days' Queen" who became a tragic martyr for the Protestant Reformation after being placed on the English throne in July 1553 to prevent a Catholic restoration

Philip of Hesse

(1504–1567), nicknamed "the Magnanimous," was one of the most powerful and politically important German princes to champion the Protestant Reformation

Indulgence

A certificate issued by the Catholic Church that promised to reduce a person's time in purgatory—or that of a deceased relative—in exchange for a monetary donation

Martin Buser

An influential Alsatian Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who worked to bridge theological divides between Lutheran, Reformed, and Zwinglian traditions

Transubstantiation

The Catholic teaching that the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ—was universally rejected by Protestant reformers during the 16th century

simony

practice of buying and selling church offices

penitant

a person who is sorry for his sins

infallibility

incapeable of making a mistake

recant

take back what said

religious intolerance

dont allow difference of opinion

predestination

an all knowing God has seen everything and chooses

antisemetic

hates jews

omnipotnent/omniscient

all powerful/all knowing

lent

40 days before easter, ashes on forehead, no meat on fridays

dispensation

doing somethhing your not usually allowed to do

the index

a list of books they cant read

constituency

geographical area whose eligible voters elect a representative to a legislative or political body

guilds

a labor unit

piety

goodness

lay

ordinary people who have been trained but are still religious within the community

theocracy

rule by religion