Health Content Flashcards⭐

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A psychological theory proposing that individuals must satisfy fundamental physiological and safety needs before progressing to higher-level psychological and self-fulfillment needs.

Physiological needs (Maslow's hierarchy)

The essential biological requirements for human survival, including air, water, food, shelter, sleep, warmth, and physical homeostasis.

Safety needs (Maslow's hierarchy)

The requirements for personal security, protection from physical and emotional harm, financial stability, law and order, and freedom from fear.

Love and belonging needs (Maslow's hierarchy)

The social requirements for interpersonal connection, including friendship, intimacy, trust, acceptance, and affiliation with family or peer groups.

Esteem needs (Maslow's hierarchy)

The psychological requirements categorized into internal self-esteem (dignity, mastery, independence) and external reputation (respect, status, and recognition from others).

Self-actualisation (Maslow's hierarchy)

The highest developmental stage in Maslow's hierarchy, characterized by realizing personal potential, seeking self-fulfillment, and pursuing personal growth.

Determinants of health

The broad range of personal, social, socioeconomic, and environmental factors that combine to shape the health status of individuals and populations.

The Health Gradient

The stepwise social pattern in which individuals positioned higher on the socioeconomic ladder experience progressively better health and longer life expectancy than those below them.

Built environment (health determinant)

The human-made physical surroundings—such as buildings, transport networks, pedestrian paths, and recreational parks—that influence physical activity, injury rates, and wellbeing.

Personal values

The core principles, beliefs, and standards of importance that guide how people treat others, prioritize commitments, and make ethical life choices.

Social norms vs. Cultural norms

Social norms are widely accepted behavioural standards within a broader society, whereas cultural norms reflect specific practices, traditions, and beliefs shared by a distinct ethnic, geographic, or religious group.

The Driving Triangle

A road safety model that analyzes the dynamic interaction between three primary crash contributors: the driver, the vehicle, and the environment.

Supervising driver requirements (Western Australia)

Must have held a full C-class driver licence for at least 4 years, remain alert and seated beside the learner, and maintain a Blood Alcohol Concentration of exactly $0.00\%$.

Stopping distance formula

$$\text{Stopping Distance} = \text{Reaction Distance} + \text{Braking Distance}$$

Exponential impact of increased vehicle speed

Modest velocity increases exponentially multiply the kinetic energy of impact and braking distance, while drastically reducing available hazard reaction time.

The Two-Second Rule

A visual technique to determine safe following distance behind a vehicle under clear conditions, which should be doubled to 4 seconds during wet weather, darkness, or when towing.

Passive vehicle safety features

Built-in automotive safety components intended to minimize occupant injury during a collision, including airbags, crumple zones, padded dashes, and seatbelts.

Active vehicle safety features

Technological systems engineered to help the driver maintain control and prevent collisions from occurring, such as Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), and reversing cameras.

Compulsory Third Party (CTP) insurance

A mandatory policy included within vehicle registration fees that exclusively provides compensation for bodily injury or death caused to other persons in an accident.

Criteria for reporting a crash to WA Police

Mandatory reporting is required if any person is injured or killed, if total estimated property damage exceeds $\\3{,000}$ , or if the owner of damaged property is not present at the scene.

Health promotion (WHO definition)

The process of enabling individuals and communities to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their overall wellbeing.

Five action areas of the Ottawa Charter

• Build healthy public policy

• Create supportive environments

• Strengthen community action

• Develop personal skills

• Reorient health services

Assertive communication

A constructive communication approach where an individual states their needs, feelings, and boundaries honestly and respectfully, using 'I' statements without infringing on others' rights.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The capacity to perceive, evaluate, understand, and constructively regulate emotions both within oneself and when interacting with others.

Legal definition of sexual consent

A clear, conscious, voluntary, and continuous agreement to engage in sexual activity, which cannot legally be given if a person is intoxicated, unconscious, or asleep, and can be withdrawn at any time.

Sexual coercion

The act of using emotional manipulation, relentless pressure, threats, intimidation, or guilt to force someone to engage in unwanted sexual conduct against their will.

Legal implications of sexting under 18 years of age

Producing, transmitting, soliciting, or possessing sexually explicit images involving anyone under the age of 18 constitutes a serious criminal offence prosecuted under child exploitation laws.

Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U)

A medical fact confirming that individuals living with HIV who achieve an undetectable viral load via Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) cannot transmit the virus to sexual partners.

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

An assisted reproductive procedure where mature ova are retrieved from the ovaries, fertilized by sperm in an external laboratory setting, and transferred to the uterus as an embryo.