Animal Phys Exam 2

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose into two pyruvates (first step in cellular respiration)

gluconeogenesis

making glucose from non carbohydrate sources (specifically from amino acids, glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate)

glycogenolysis

glycogen breakdown for energy use

glycogenesis

glycogen synthesis for energy storage

lipolysis

triglyceride breakdown down by lipases so fatty acid can be used as energy in beta oxidation or ketone metablolism

lipogenesis

phospholipid and triglyceride synthesis

ketolysis

breakdown of ketone bodies

ketogenesis

making ketone bodies

glycosylation

process of adding carbohydrates to another molecule

porins

open channels

permeases

not a “channel”, only open to one side at once

symporter

moves two molecules in same direction

uniporter

transports one thing in one direction

antiporter

transports two molecules in opposite directions

isoforms

different forms of the same protein that perform similar or related functions

ferritin

stores iron and releases it when needed (binds iron)

exons

coding regions

introns

non coding regions

semiochemicals

attractants or repellants

agonists

bind to receptor

antagonists

bind and do not activate receptor

activator

increases biochemical response and signaling (activates receptor→response activates)

inhibitor

decreases and or stops (activates receptor→the response inhibits)

upregulation

increasing # of receptors→increasing response

downregulation

decrease # of receptors→decreasing response

secondary messengers

signal transduction intermediately, activates or inhibits

big four types of functional proteins

enzymes, structural, transport, protection

enzymes (functional proteins)

proteins that occur in lower concentration and increase the rate of reaction but do not alter the products (catalysis). are govern by the protein rules of affinity, saturation, and competition

structural (functional proteins)

cellular support like the cytoskeletonn (tubulin, actin, keratins)

transport (functional proteins)

movement of chemicals within or between cells involving membrane channels or protein carrier

protection (functional proteins)

chaperones, metal/ion chelators, metal/ion transporter like ferritin, and exoskeletal proteins

enzymes big characteristics

affinity, saturation, competition

mono (carb)

simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose

di (carbs)

two monosaccharides covalently bonded by glycosidic bond

poly (carbs)

complex carbs, made up of 100s to 1000s of monomers, funtionally important in energy storage and structural support

fatty acids

smallest individual unit of fat. long unbranched hydrocarbons. hydrogen saturation influences the kink of the molecule

phospholipids

a lipid with 2 fatty acids, a glycerol, a phosphate, and an R group. commonly make up the cell membrane and the fatty acids are interchangable

triglycerides

a lipid made up of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol, main energy storage lipid

steriods

aromatic lipids derived from 4 ring compound used in signaling

phospholipids (cell membrane)

make lipid bilayer

sphingolipids (cell membrane)

make lipid bilayer

cholesterol (cell membrane)

lipid bilayer and important for HVA

proteins (cell membrane)

channels and receptors

glycoproteins (cell membrane)

anchoring cytoskeleton

glycolipids (cell membrane)

immune communication

lipid rafts (cell membrane

the main location for indirect transport

open protein channels

always open like certain ion channels or porins

gated

need specific input to open/close

HVA

process that alters the composition of cellular membrane to ensure a constant fluidic state that compensates for environmental changes

DNA damage

mutations, deletions, breakages (same in RNA)

lipid damage

callede lipid peroxidation and leads to damages membranes, apoptosis, and lipid radicals

protein damage

called protein carbonylation leads to aldehydes/ketone production, inactication via unfolding, post translational modifications, fragmentation, denaturing/aggregation, and cross linkage

antioxidant enzymes

catalyze the breakdown of free radicals and ROS

microtubules

made of tubulin isoforms, they made in cilia and flagella and are involved in cytokinesis, neural structure, vesicle transport like pigment, and ciliary and flagellar movement

microfilaments

made of actin and are involved in all types of movements

intermediate filaments

made of complex patterns of keratin that provide strength (nails, hair, horns, scales, feathers)

acetylation

addition of an acetyl group that allows transcription to happen

methylation

addition of a methyl group that blocks transcription

histone modification

use of acetylation of methylation to loosen or tighten DNA around histone to allow or prevent transcription

paracrine

short distance messaging or nearby cells

endocrine

long distance messaging using the blood; called hormones

electrical

long distance messaging using electricity

pheromones

species-specific intraspecies communication used for reproduction where both sender and receiver benefit

allomones

inter-species communication alarm related chemical where the sender benefits

kairomones

inter-species communication attractant where the receiver benefits