Unit 2 of APHUG

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Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit area of arable land (farmland)

Arithmetic (Crude) Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Asylum (Seeker)

The right to protection in a country / a person seeking protection in a country.

Brain Drain/Gain

Drain: The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another, often richer, country. Gain: The potential of return migrants to contribute to the social and economic development of a home country with the experiences they have gained abroad.

Census

An official count of the number of people in a defined area, such as a state.

Chain Migration/Kinship Links

Chain: Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there. Kinship: Family.

Channelized Migration

The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity.

Circulation (Cyclical) Movement

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movement that recurs on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually. Also called periodic.

Crude Death Rate (CDR) / Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

CDR: The total number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people alive in a given society. CBR: The total number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 and over age 64) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15-64), multiplied by 100.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland.

Doubling Time

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double.

Emigration/Immigration

Emigration: Movement away from a location. Immigration: Movement to a location.

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death.

Forced/Voluntary Migration

Forced: Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. Voluntary: Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Gravity Model

A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation.

Guest Worker

A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor.

Human Trafficking

The recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

A person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains in his/her country of origin.

Internal Migration / Transnational Migration

IM: Movement within a country's borders. TM: International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin.

Interregional Migration / Intraregional Migration

Movement from one region of a country to another vs. movement within one region of the country.

Intervening Obstacle

An occurrence that holds migrants back.

Intervening Opportunity

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice.

Life Expectancy (Longevity Rate)

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Migration Transition Model

Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in Stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in Stages 3 and 4. Stage 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances.

Natalism (Pro- and Anti-)

Pro: Attitudes and policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth. Anti: Attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Also called Rate of Natural Increase (RNI).

Net Migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or country.

Overpopulation

A term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Population Momentum

Continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures.

Population Pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution (sex ratio) of a particular population.

Pull Factors

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location.

Push Factors

A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location.

Quotas

A limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

In the 19th century, E.G. Ravenstein used data from England to outline a series of "laws" explaining patterns of migration.

Refugee

A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death.

Remittances

Money earned by emigrants abroad and sent back to his/her home country.

Repatriate / Repatriation

To return to one's country of origin; a refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization.

Replacement Fertility Level

2.1, slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality and childless women.

Step Migration

A series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination.

Thomas Malthus / Neo-Malthusians

Thomas Malthus: Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. Neo-Malthusians: People who believe population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years.

Transhumance

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter. Related to Pastoral Nomadism.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When the birth rate equals the death rate.