Laboratory Animal Medicine Exam 2

Dogs in drug development

The most common non-rodent safety species.

Beagles in research

Docile temperament, standardized genetics, and extensive historical data support their use.

Feline immunodeficiency virus

A model for human immunodeficiency virus research.

Replacement

Replace animals whenever possible.

Reduction

Use fewer animals while maintaining valid results.

Refinement

Reduce animal pain, distress, and stress.

Farm animals in biomedical research

IACUC review is required.

Orf

A parapoxvirus infection transmissible to humans through lesions, scabs, or contaminated equipment.

Q fever agent

Coxiella burnetii.

Q fever transmission from sheep and goats

Placenta, birth fluids, and fetal membranes are important sources.

Pigs in research

An alternative to dogs with heart, digestive tract, and skin similarities to humans.

Göttingen minipig

The smallest minipig, approximately 35 lb maximum.

Porcine malignant hyperthermia

Also called porcine stress syndrome; associated with an RYR mutation.

Salt poisoning in pigs

Water restriction followed by excessive drinking can cause brain swelling and CNS signs.

Johne's disease agent

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Johne's disease signs

Weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and reduced milk production.

Transfaunation

Transfer of rumen microbes from healthy cattle to sick cattle.

Cotton rats

A primary model for respiratory syncytial virus research.

Deer mice

Usually asymptomatic carriers of Sin Nombre hantavirus.

Green anoles

Research models for tail regeneration and spinal cord injury.

Zebra finches

Models for vocal learning and brain function.

Ferrets

Important research models for influenza and respiratory disease.

Zebrafish embryos

Transparent embryos develop rapidly.

Zebrafish housing

Water-ventilated rack systems.

Preemptive analgesia

Treat pain before it occurs.

NSAID mechanism

Block cyclooxygenase enzymes.

Ketamine mechanism

NMDA receptor blockade.

Grimace scale

Assesses pain through facial expressions, scored from 0 to 2.

Cold-to-touch rodent

Requires immediate intervention or euthanasia consideration.

EAE progression

Loss of tail tone → hindlimb paresis → hindlimb paralysis → tetraplegia → moribund.

CO₂ euthanasia fill rate

30-70% of chamber volume per minute.

Positive pressure

Protects clean areas; air moves outward.

Negative pressure

Contains hazardous materials; air moves inward.

Cleaning and microbial control

Clean first, then sanitize, disinfect, and sterilize.