Microorganisms

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on microorganisms, covering topics from classification and capabilities to specific examples like E. Coli and its applications.

What is a microorganism?

Life forms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, requiring a microscope for observation; includes bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotes.

Why were microorganisms initially studied?

Traditionally studied due to their role in causing infectious diseases.

Besides causing disease, what useful functions do microorganisms perform?

Breaking down waste, carbon cycling, recycling important elements, and assisting organisms (including humans) in staying healthy through symbiotic relationships.

What is the microbiome concept?

The understanding that we are covered in microbes, which has revolutionized microbiology.

Which microorganisms are classified as prokaryotes?

Bacteria and archaea.

Besides taking in organic material, how do microorganisms get their energy?

By using chemicals in the environment or by obtaining energy from light (photosynthesis).

What is biofilm formation?

Microbes stick to a surface, forming structures protected by slimey substances where they communicate with each other.

What kind of relationships can microorganisms form when living with other organisms?

Parasitic, commensalistic, and mutualistic interactions.

How do microorganisms change their genome quickly?

Microbes can acquire new genetic information through horizontal gene transfer, allowing them to adapt and evolve more quickly.

What are the main ways information is moved during horizontal gene transfer?

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

How does a microbe become a pathogen?

A previously benign microbe acquires virulence factors, enabling it to cause disease in its host.

How does genetic information transfer during bacterial conjugation?

Plasmids that carry antibiotic resistance or virulence traits are shared between bacterial cells via a pilus.

What protects bacteria from mobilized DNA?

The CRISPR system.

What is E. Coli?

A bacterium found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded animals is named?

How can E. Coli become pathogenic?

By acquiring genes that allow it to better invade hosts, secrete toxins, or extract iron more efficiently.

What is the main virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic E. Coli?

Shiga toxin.

Why are uropathogenic E. Coli (UPEC) infections so problematic?

They have acquired factors that allow them to stick to the urinary tract and may possess toxins and antibiotic resistance genes.

Which strain of E. Coli is used as a probiotic?

E. Coli Nissle 1917.

How is E. Coli utilized in biotechnology?

To produce human insulin.

What is an example of synthetic biology work with E. Coli?

Using engineered E. Coli to convert waste products into useful chemicals like biofuels.