plant sci 1

ecosystem

all living things in particular area + physical environment (community+non-living parts of area)

population

species living in an area (population+population=community)

biosphere

all ecosystems

3 categories of ecosystems

oceanic, freshwater, terrestrial

causes of ecosystem change

weather/environment conditions, natural disturbances, human impact

habit fragmentation

breaking large areas of habitat into smaller, isolated pieces (barriers>species movement>changes in microclimates>loss of biodiversity)

human impact types

habit fragmentation, introduction of non-native species, intentional development of sub-ecosystems

intentional development of sub-ecosystems

manipulate plants + environment for a purpose (high yields, make money, disease/pest resistance, better taste/long shelf life, pretty/smell, drought tolerant); creates monoculture, sacrifice of original traits/adaptations

types of intentional development of sub-ecosystems

cross breeding, selection, propagation, GMO, sustainable farming practices (reduce erosion, conserve water), conservation, restoration

steady state

all organisms in balance with environment + each other

resilience

how quick an ecosystem recovers after disturbance

adaptation

species “fit” to environment through natural selection (structural/physical, behavioral, physiological)

physiological adaptation

internal processes, like producing toxins

evolution

mutations/random changes in hereditary material over time

food web

network of interconnected food chains in ecosystem; dependent on photosynthetic organisms

biomagnification

toxin that persists thru food chain

natural sciences

related to physical world + processes

life sciences vs physical science

living vs nonliving

basic science

to gain knowledge

applied science

to solve real-world problems (have to know basic to do applied)

horticulture

art + science of development, sustainable production, marketing, + use of high-value, intensively cultivated food + ornamental plants

carolus linnaeus

swedish botanist + physician, made binomial system of nomenclature

binomial system of nomenclature

genus (group)+specific epithet (species); all italicized + lowercase

resistance

ability to remain at equilibrium despite disturbances

non-vascular

no roots/stems

vascular

has root + stem system to take up water + nutrients

gymnosperm

non-flowering, seed produced in cone

angiosperm

flowering

flower

reproductive structures of angiosperms; produce seeds thru union of male + female gametes

leaf

photosynthesis (vegetative)

fruit

protect/disperse seeds (reproductive)

stem

support + transport (vegetative)

root

absorption + anchor (vegetative)

shoot system

above ground portion; photosynthesis + reproduction

root system

underground portion; absorbs water + minerals, anchors

2 plant tissue types

meristematic + permanent

meristematic

actively dividing undifferentiated cells; growth, repair damage, reproduction/propagation

permanent

specialized cells no longer dividing; carry out plant processes (absorbing, photosynthesis)

apical meristematic tissue

dominant stem + root tips, axillary buds; causes shoots to get taller + roots to go further into soil (primary growth)

axillary

dormant until broken

lateral meristematic tissue

in stem; increases girth in all woody plants, 2 layers (inner + outer)

inner layer lateral meristematic tissue

vascular cambium, produces more vascular tissue

outer layer lateral meristematic tissue

cork cambium, produces bark

intercalary meristematic tissue

monocots only, base of leaves + at nodes

dermal permanent tissue

protects + covers, control gas exchange

vascular permanent tissue

transports water, minerals, sugars

ground meristematic tissue

fills space; photosynthesis site, structural support, storage of water + sugars

juvenile phase of growth

plant is young; seed germination through just before flowering

vegetative

rapid leaf + stem development

adult stage of growth

reproductive stage (flowering + fruiting)

diffuse

cell division throughout entire organism

localized

cell division in specific areas of organism (plants)

determinate

apical meristem dies after producing certain amt of leaves; shifts energy focus to reproduction

indeterminate

apical meristem continues to grow as long as plant is receiving what it needs

embryo

tiny plant inside seed

seed coat

outer covering, usually hard + thick, forms from outer covering of ovule; protect from physical/mechanical damage, prevent seed from germinating under unfavorable conditions, prevents excess water loss from inner parts of seed, physical barrier for parasites

epicotyl

shoot tissue that grows up

hypocotyl

transition stage btwn root + shoot

radicle

root tissue that grows down

cotyledons

seed leaves (motocots + dicots); gives rise to complete new plant, provide food to nourish seed in early stages

endosperm

tissue rich in oil, starch, and/or protein; stores food/energy for developing seedling, protects embryo, not every species has one at mature stage of seed development

functions of seed

increase numbers, genetic variation, dispersal of species

methods of seed dispersal

gravity, wind, water, ballistic, animals, fire

factors driving seed germination

moisture, temp, gases, light/absence of, seed viability, seed dormancy

imbibition

uptake of water (seed coat must be permeable/scarified)

epigeal

cotyledon comes above ground

hypogeal

cotyledon stays below ground

vivipory

seeds/embryos begin to germinate before they detach from parent plant; caused by genetic mutations, environmental factors, hormone/nutrition imbalance

calyx

outermost whorl of flower, composed of sepals, usually green leaf-like structures (if colored - tepal)

corolla

second whorl composed of petals, often bright colors/white (method of pollination)

androecium

third whorl; male reproductive structure, composed of stamens

filament

thin stalk supporting anther

anther

contains pollen sacs

gynoecium

fourth whorl, female reproductive structure, composed of pistils (carpel)

stigma

receives pollen

style

connecting tube

ovary

contains ovules

receptacle

thickened part at end of flower stalk where floral parts attach

peduncle

stem of flower

superior flower

ovary above other parts

inferior flower

ovary below other parts

complete flower

has all 4 major parts (calyx, corolla, male + female reproductive structures)

incomplete flower

missing 1 or more main parts

perfect flower

has male + female structures in 1 flower

imperfect flower

missing 1 or more reproductive structures

monoecius imperfect flower

has male + female flowers on same plant

dioecius imperfect plant

has separate male + female plants; takes 2 to reproduce

pollination

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

self-pollination

pollen from same flower/plant

cross-pollination

pollen from diff plant of usually same species leads to more genetic diversity

biotic (living) agents of pollination

insects, birds, bats, humans

2 cells on pollen grains

pollen tube cell + generative cell (becomes sperm)

double fertilization

in angiosperms; sperm 1+egg cell=zygote, sperm 2+polar nuclei=endosperm

embryogenesis

process that occurs in plants after fertilization of ovule to produce fully developed embryo

physiological dormancy

embryogenesis pauses before embryo matures, keeps seed from germinating in wrong season, requires stratification to develop + germinate

stratification

exposure to cold temps in moist conditions

culinary

food from plants consumed by humans

botanical plants

ripened ovary

parthenocarpic fruits

develops without fertilization/pollination, resulting in seedless fruit that resembles normally produced fruit

true fruit

develops from ovary (majority of fruits)