Endocrine System - Chapter 13 Fill-in-the-Blank Review

A set of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering key endocrine glands, hormones, target organs, feedback mechanisms, and associated health conditions.

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the __________, whereas exocrine glands use ducts.

blood

A chemical messenger carried in the blood that only affects target cells with matching receptors is called a __________.

hormone

The pineal gland is located deep within the brain and produces __________, which regulates sleep/wake cycles.

melatonin

The main function of the __________ is to release hormones that control the activity of the pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones are called __________ hormones.

tropic

The anterior pituitary produces six key hormones: hGH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and __________.

PRL

The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones made by the hypothalamus: oxytocin and __________.

ADH (vasopressin)

Hypersecretion of human growth hormone (hGH) starting in adulthood causes a condition called __________.

acromegaly

Deficiency of human growth hormone (hGH) during childhood causes __________ dwarfism.

pituitary

In acromegaly, long bones cannot elongate because their growth plates are __________.

fused

The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin and __________, which regulates metabolism.

thyroxine (T4)

The hypothalamus releases TRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release __________.

TSH

Synthesis of thyroxine (T4) by the thyroid gland requires the element __________.

iodine

Continuous stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH due to iodine deficiency results in an enlarged thyroid called a __________.

goitre

Congenital hypothyroidism, characterized by an improperly developed thyroid gland during childhood, is known as __________.

cretinism

An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, goitre, and bulging eyes is called __________ disease.

Graves

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to __________ blood calcium levels.

low

The hormone __________ lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating bone cells to absorb calcium from the blood.

calcitonin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the collecting ducts of the __________ to increase water reabsorption.

kidneys

A deficiency in ADH secretion leads to excessive urination, a condition known as diabetes __________.

insipidus

The adrenal cortex releases __________, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium ions and raise blood pressure.

aldosterone

The outer region of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex, while the inner region is the adrenal __________.

medulla

In response to long-term stress, the anterior pituitary releases __________ to stimulate the adrenal cortex.

ACTH

Undersecretion of cortisol results in Addison's disease, while oversecretion causes __________ syndrome.

Cushing's

The short-term stress response hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal __________.

medulla

In the Islets of Langerhans, beta cells produce insulin, whereas alpha cells produce __________.

glucagon

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose intake in cells and conversion of glucose to __________ in the liver.

glycogen

An autoimmune condition in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells is __________ diabetes.

Type 1

Homeostatic maintenance of blood glucose keeps normal levels in the range of __________.

$$75\text{--}110\,\text{mg/100 mL}$$

The __________ is an endocrine gland active during childhood that stimulates T cell production and prevents autoimmune responses.

thymus