AP Psych Unit 1 Part 2 - Consciousness, Sleep, Sensations

Consciousness

subjective awareness of ourselves and environment

Consciousness can be altered by what 3 things?

Drugs, hypnosis, meditation

________ gives purpose and sets goals to achieve

Conscious awareness

What are the 3 altered states of consciousness?

Spontaneously induced, physiologically induced, psychologically induced

Spontaneously induced consciousness

Consciousness that occurs automatically without intervention

Spontaneously induced consciousness: EXAMPLES (3)

Daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming

Physiologically induced consciousness

Consciousness that is caused by physical/biological factors

Physiologically induced consciousness: EXAMPLES (2)

Hallucinations, food or oxygen starvation

Psychologically induced consciousness

Consciousness produced through mental or psychological techniques

Psychologically induced consciousness: EXAMPLES (3)

Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

Cognitive neuroscience

study of brain activity linked with our mental processes

Dual processing

principle where information is processed separately through conscious or unconscious tracks

Two track mind

idea that the brain can process info in two ways at the same time

What 2 things make up visual processing?

Visual perception track, visual action track

Visual perception track

Visual field that allows us to recognize things and plan future actions

Visual perception track leads to…

Consciousness

Visual action track

Visual field that guides movement

Visual action track works…

Unconsciously

Which state of dual processing is this? (Consciousness OR Unconsciousness) Acting upon, exert voluntary control, communicate

Consciousness

Which state of dual processing is this? (Consciousness OR Unconsciousness) thinking, feeling, to the situation

Unconsciousness

What are the 3 types of processing?

Dual processing, Parallel processing, sequential processing

Parallel processing

processing multiple aspects of stimuli

Parallel processing is (unconsciousness or consciousness)

Unconsciousness

Sequential processing

processing ONE aspect of stimuli at a time

Sequential processing is (unconsciousness or consciousness)

Consciousness

Which type of processing is used to process new info or solve difficult problems?

Sequential Processing

Circadian rhythm

internal biological clock for regular bodily rhythms occurs in 24 hour cycle

Circadian arousal

Arousal that rises as the body temp increases in the morning and progressively decreases throughout the day until the evening

What 2 things alter/change circadian rhythm?

Age & Experience

TRUE OR FALSE: Sleep goes in a cycle every 90 mins

TRUE

How do neuroscientists measure sleep?

EEG scan

What waves are emitted when you relax before sleeping?

Alpha waves

Before you are sleeping you are…

CONSCIOUS

What are all the sleep stages?

N1, N2, N3, REM Sleep

What occurs in N1?

Images resembling hallucinations appear w/o sensory stimulus & hypnagogic sensations occur

Hypnagogic sensations

The body suddenly jerks during sleep, N1

What occurs in N2?

Periodic sleep spindles aid in memory processing, rapid brain activity is recorded.

What occurs in N3?

Slow delta waves are emitted which causes deep sleep

N3 is also known as

Deep sleep

REM Sleep

sleeping stage where one’s eyes move rapidly, period in sleep where dreams occur

What happens to the brain’s motor cortex during REM sleep?

Brainstem blocks any messages from motor cortex preventing movement during REM sleep.

What does the prevention of messages sent from the motor cortex during REM sleep sometimes cause when awakened?

Sleep paralysis

What 2 stages get progressively longer through sleep?

REM Sleep, N2

What stage gets progressively shorter through sleep?

N3

Sleep patterns are both _____ & ______ influenced

GENETICALLY, ENVIRONMENTALLY

What affects the production of melatonin?

Light

What produces melatonin?

Suprachiamatic nucleus

Why do we sleep? (6)

Protection, Restoration, Memory consolidation, creative thinking, growth, conserves energy

Sleep debt

accumlated amount of sleep missed compared with the amount of sleep your body needs

TRUE OR FALSE: Your body accumulates sleep debt

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Lack of sleep makes you lose weight

FALSE, GAIN

Why does the lack of sleep lead to weight gain?

Increase in hormones such as gherkin and cortisol

What supports out immune cells the most when battling viral infections?

Sleep

What are the 4 major sleeping disorders?

Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder

Insomnia

ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep

Insomnia: EFFECTS

chronic tiredness, higher risk of depression

Narcolepsy

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

Narcolepsy: EFFECTS

risk of falling asleep at dangerous moments

Sleep aprena is also known as…

Sleep walking

Sleep aprena

repeated episodes of complex motor behavior, walking while sleeping occurs

REM Sleep Behavior disorder

acting out the content of dreams while asleep, vocalizing or motor behaviors

TRUE OR FALSE: Two-track mind continues to monitor our environment while sleeping and any sensory stimuli can be woven into dreams

TRUE

What are the 4 proposed ideas of why we dream?

Physiological function, Information processing, Activation Synthesis, Cognitive Development

DREAM THEORIES: Physiological function

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

DREAM THEORIES: Information processing/consolidation

dreams help us sort out day’s events and consolidate our memories

DREAM THEORIES: Activation synthesis

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

DREAM THEORIES: Cognitive development

dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development. They stimulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios

Sensation

Sensory receptors detect stimuli and send messages to brain

Sensation is what we…

SEE

Perception

How our brain process and organize sensory info

Perception is what we…

PERCIEVE

TRUE OR FALSE: Someone’s perception is always true as it isn’t affected by biases, past experiences, and culture

FALSE

Bottom up processing

Information processing that starts with sensory receptors to the brain

Which type of processing detects lines, angles, color to form images?

Bottom up processing

What are the two types of sensory processing?

Bottom up and Top up processing

Top down processing

Information processing by higher level processing in diff parts of brain

Sensation is ____ up processing

BOTTOM

Perception is ____ up processing

TOP

Transduction

Conversion of physical energy detected by sensory receptors into neural impulses our brains can interpret

Absolute threshold

Minimum stimulus energy required to detect a stimuli 50% of the time

Signal detection theory

Predicted that we can detect the presence of a weak stimuli without an absolute threshold based on individual experience

Subliminal

Stimuli you cannot consciously detect 50% of the time

Subliminal is ____ the absolute threshold

BELOW

Difference threshold

Differences between 2 stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time

Differences in stimuli can be perceived with differences in…

%

Sensory adaptation

Less sensitivity to a stimuli with more stimulation

What does sensory adaptation allow us to focus on?

informative changes to our environment

Shorter wavelength leads to which color?

BLUE

Longer wavelength leads to what color?

RED

Higher amplitude = ____ colors

BRIGHTER

Shorter amplitude = ____ colors

DULLISH

Weber’s law

the principle that, to be perceived different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %

Synesthesia

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another

Nearsightedness

a condition where nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects

Farsightedness

a condition where faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects

Trichromatic theory

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, green

TRUE OR FALSE: There are more CONES than RODS

FALSE, MORE RODS than RODS

Opponent-Process Theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue) enable color vision

Dichromatism

partial color blindness in which the eye contains only 2 types of cone photopigment instead of 3

Monochramatism

partial color blindness in which the eye contains only 1 of cone photopigment instead of the typical 3