Health Midterm

5 functions of the digestive system IPCAE

ingestion, physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, elimination of waste

Alimentary tract of the digestive system opessl

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Accessory organs of digestive tact slgp

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Oral cavity contains

lips, cheeks, palate, tounge, teeth, salivary glands

oral cavity functions

ingestion, sensory analysis, mechanical digestion, limited chemical digestion, lubrication, immunity, swallowing, speech, respiration

tounge functions 4

Mechanical digestion, Manipulation of food, Sensory function, Speech

tonis are

aggregations of lymphatic nodules

teeth amounts and types

20 Deciduous 32 Permanent

salivary glands minor

lots go throughout oral tissue, Constantly secrete small amounts

salivary glands major

3 pairs glands located outside oral mucosa (Parotid, submandibular, sublingual) Parasympathetic nerves increase amount in response to sight, smell, taste of food

esophagus does what 2

connects throat to stomach and perstalis

perastalisis

contraction of food

Stomach

rough folds grind food, inferior to diphram, mixes food with gastric produces chyme

Rugae of stomach

folds present in mucosa of mom distended stomach

Small intestine functions

absorbs nutrients, chemical digestion

3 parts of small intestine

duodenum with bile, jejunum and ileum

2 types of small intestine contractionss

segmentation and peristaylis

segmentation fuction

circular muscle mixes chyme

peristalisis function

coordinates circular and longitudinal muscles moves content

large intestine functions 3 and what it does not do

reabsorb water and electrolytes, compacts feces, eliminates waste, no absorb nutrients

large intestine anatomy 6

colon, cecum, appendix, rectum, anal canal, no villi

liver functions 8

stores glycagon, produces bile functions as gland, stores fat soluble vitamins, metabolizes iron and copper, breaks down drugs, metabolizes macronutrients, urea, plasma proteins

fatty liver disease

from chronic alcohol

blood supply to liver from

hepatic portal vein (oxygen poor blood contains nutrients, toxins rbc products)

first pass effect

medication doesnt go to the heartt it instead goes straight to the liver

gall bladder functions

stores and concentrates bile, removes 90% water

pancreas is a _____ and _____ , containing

exocrine and endocrine gland, containing a head, body, tail

pancreas exocrine

uses lipase enzymes to break doiwn carbs

pancreas endocrine

islets of langerhans communicate through bloodstream

pancreas contains

alpha and beta cells

alpha cells producesn____ to ______ blood glucose

insulin, decrease

beta cells producesn____ to ______ blood glucose

glucagon, increase

What are macromolecules?

Very large organic molecules with high molecular weights

What are polymers?

Macromolecules made of repetitive identical or similar subunits called monomers

What is a monomer?

A single subunit that can join with others to form a polymer

What is polymerization?

The process of joining monomers to form a polymer

What is an example of a polymer?

Starch can contain approximately 3000 glucose monomers

What are carbohydrates?

Hydrophilic organic molecules that include sugars and starches

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

What do the root sacchar- and suffix -ose mean?

Sugar or sweet

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

They provide a quickly mobilized energy source

How are carbohydrates used for energy?

They are digested into glucose which is oxidized to produce ATP

What are monosaccharides?

The simplest carbohydrates that act as monomers

What are the three main monosaccharides?

Glucose galactose and fructose

What is blood sugar?

Glucose

What is the molecular formula of glucose galactose and fructose?

C6H12O6

What are isomers?

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

What are disaccharides?

Sugars made of two covalently bonded monosaccharides

What is maltose made of?

Glucose plus glucose

What is maltose commonly found in?

Grain products

What is sucrose made of?

Glucose plus fructose

What is sucrose commonly called?

Table sugar

What is lactose made of?

Glucose plus galactose

What is lactose commonly called?

Milk sugar

What are oligosaccharides?

Short chains of three or more monosaccharides

Where are oligosaccharides found?

Fruits vegetables legumes and grains

What are polysaccharides?

Long chains of monosaccharides containing at least 50 units

What are three important polysaccharides?

Glycogen starch and cellulose

What is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) made from?

Cornstarch with some glucose converted into fructose

Why is HFCS used in the food industry?

It is very sweet liquid and economical as a replacement for sucrose

What brain reward area is mentioned in the lecture in relation to HFCS?

The nucleus accumbens

What does lipogenesis mean?

The process of converting substances into fat

How can excess fructose be stored by the body?

The liver can convert excess fructose into fat through lipogenesis

What liver condition is linked to excess fat accumulation in the lecture?

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

What blood fats can increase with excess fructose consumption?

Triglycerides

What health conditions are linked to high HFCS consumption in the lecture?

Obesity metabolic syndrome diabetes and heart disease

What are lipids?

Hydrophobic organic molecules with a high hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio

How do lipids compare with carbohydrates and proteins in energy content?

Lipids provide more calories per gram

What are the five types of lipids?

Fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids eicosanoids and steroids

What are eicosanoids?

Signaling molecules

What are fatty acids?

Chains containing approximately 4 to 24 carbon atoms

What are essential fatty acids?

Fatty acids that must be obtained from food

What are saturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids whose carbon atoms are connected by single bonds and hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids containing multiple carbon-carbon double bonds

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule made of three fatty acids linked to glycerol

What is the main function of triglycerides?

Energy storage

What are two other functions of triglycerides stored in adipose tissue?

Insulation and shock absorption

What are dietary fats and oils mainly made of?

Triglycerides

What types of triglycerides are animal fats usually rich in?

Saturated triglycerides

What is the difference between the bond arrangement in trans and cis fatty acids?

Trans fatty acids have the relevant bonds on opposite sides of the double bond while cis fatty acids have them on the same side

What cardiovascular risk is associated with trans fats in the lecture?

Increased risk of heart disease

How does the lecture describe trans fats in the bloodstream?

They resist enzymatic breakdown and may remain in circulation longer

What can trans fats contribute to in arteries?

Fatty deposits

What is gut dysbiosis?

An imbalance in the gut microbiome involving changes in microbial diversity and the balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria

How can lack of exercise affect the gut microbiome?

It may decrease microbial diversity decrease beneficial bacteria and increase harmful bacteria

What is dysbiosis associated with in the gut?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and colitis

What metabolic conditions are associated with gut dysbiosis?

Obesity and diabetes

What cardiovascular condition is associated with gut dysbiosis?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

What respiratory condition is associated with gut dysbiosis?

Asthma

What neurodegenerative diseases are associated with gut dysbiosis?

Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease

What other neurological condition is associated with gut dysbiosis?

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

What mental health conditions are associated with gut dysbiosis?

Mood disorders

What musculoskeletal conditions are associated with gut dysbiosis?

Arthritis and sarcopenia

What is sarcopenia?

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

What does gut dysbiosis mean for overall health?

It is associated with conditions affecting the gut metabolism cardiovascular and respiratory systems brain and musculoskeletal system

What is the relationship between gut microbiome and obesity?

Gut microbiome changes may be associated with obesity and metabolic health

What did a randomized controlled clinical trial involving 60 people with Alzheimer's disease investigate?

Probiotic supplementation

What effects did probiotic supplementation have in the Alzheimer's disease clinical trial described in the lecture?

It improved cognitive function and several markers of metabolic function