1HB3 Finals Exam Study

Accessibility

Ease of reaching a place through transport or communication networks

Cartograms

Maps that resize areas based on a variable such as population or income

Choropleth Maps

Maps that show data using color shading across defined areas

Cartography

The study and creation of maps

Clustered (agglomerated)

Objects grouped tightly in a given area

Concentration

The spread of features across space, either clustered or dispersed

Connectivity

The links between places through transport, communication, or economic ties

Contagious diffusion

Spread of an idea through direct contact across a platform

Cultural diffusion

Spread of cultural traits from one group or place to another

Cultural landscapes

Visible imprint of human activity on the physical environment

Density

The number of objects within a defined area

Diffusion

Spread of a feature or idea across space

Dispersed (deagglomerated)

Objects spread out across an area

Distance

Amount of space between two locations

Distance decay

Declining interaction between two places as distance increases

Distribution

Refers to the spatial arrangement of geographic phenomena within an area.

Dot maps

Maps that use dots to represent occurrences of a variable

Expansion diffusion

Spread of a feature where the number of adopters grown in the original area and outward

Fieldwork

Direct observation and data collection in geographic settings

Formal (or uniform) region

Area defined by shared traits such as language or climate

Friction of distance

The effort or cost linked to moving across space

Functional (or nodal) region

Region organized around a central point such as a city and its service area

Geographical (or spatial) perspective

Focus on location, patterns, and relationships across space

Geographic information system (GIS)

Computer system for strong, analyzing, and displaying spatial data

Geographic scale

Level of study, from local to global

Global positioning system (GPS)

Satellite-based system used to determine precise location

Hearth

Origin point of a cultural trait

Hierarchical diffusion

Spread of ideas through levels of power or influence

Human geography

Study of human activities and their spatial patterns

Isopleth maps

Maps that use lines to show areas of equal value, such as tempature

Landscape

Visible features of an area shaped by natural and human forces

Latitude

Angular distance north or south of the equator (horizontal lines)

Location

Position of a place on the Earths surface

Longitude

Angular distance east or west of the prime meridian (vertical lines)

Maps

Graphic representations of spatial information

Map scale

Relationship between distances on a map and distances on earth

Mental (perceptual) maps

Personal representations of places shaped by experience

Pattern

The spatial arrangement of objects

Perception

How individuals interpret places based on experince

Physical geography

Study of natural features such as climate, landforms, and ecosystems

Place

Location with unique human and physical characteristics

Placelessness

Loss of unique place traits due to standardization

Projection

Method for turning Earths surface into a flat map

Reference maps

Maps focused on locations of physical or human features

Region

Area with shared characteristics

Regionalization

Process of dividing space into regions based on shared traits

Relocation diffusion

Spread of ideas through the movement of people

Remote sensing

Collecting data from satellites or aerial sensors

Sacred places

Locations with spiritual importance in culture

Sense of place

Personal attachment or meaning linked to a location

Site

Physical characteristics of a location

Situation

Locations position relative to other places

Space

Area where objects and processes occur

Spatial

Related to location, distribution, and arrangement

Spatial interaction

Movement of people, goods, or ideas between places

Thematic map

Map focused on a specific subject such as income or climate

Time zones

Divisions of the Earth’s surface, usually following lines of longitude, where the same standard time is used. They help coordinate time across different regions.

Toponyms

Place names

Vernacular (or perceptual) region

Region defined by shared beliefs or cultural identity rather than strict boundaries

Alienation

A feeling of separation from work, products, or social groups due to economic or social forces

Commodity chains

Linked stages of production, transport, and consumption that connect raw materials to finished goods

Competitive capitalism

An economic system with many firms, strong competition, and limited state direction

Containerization

Standardized shipping containers used to move goods efficiently across transport modes

Cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another through media, products, and values

Disorganized capitalism

A phase marked by flexible production, global relocation, and weaker state regulation

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Investment from on country into production or assets in another country

Globalization

Growing connections between countries through flows of goods, people, ideas, and capital

Innovations

New methods, products, or ideas that spread and reshape economic or cultural systems

Internal division of labor

Allocation of production stages across countries based on skills, wages, or specialization

Organized capitalism

A phase marked by strong state involvement, large firms, and stable production systems

Principle of least effort

People and firms choose actions that require the smallest amount of energy, cost, or distance

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Time-space convergence

Reduction of travel and communication time due to new technologies

Transnational corporations (TNCs)

Large firms operating across multiple countries, controlling production and investment networks

Demography

the study of human populations

Census

The periodic enumeration of all individuals and collection of demographic data in a country at a particular point

Fertility

A populations natural capability of having children

Fecundity

A biological term for the potential capability of having children

Replacement-level fertility

The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next

Mortality

Deaths as a component of population change

Population momentum

The tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement-level fertility has been reached because of the high number of people in the child bearing years

Doubling time

The number of years required for the population of an area to double its present size, given the current rate of population growth

Carrying capacity

The maximum population that can be supported by a given set of resources and a given level of technology

Population pyramid

A diagrammatic representation of the age and sex composition of a population

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population

Population aging

A process in which the proportion of elderly people in a population increase and the proportion of younger people decreases, results in increased median age

Limits to growth

A view that argues that both the world population and the world economy will collapse because of insufficient available natural resources

Theory

A set of interconnected statements or a system of ideas that is intended to explain something

Demographic transition

The historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population mortality declines before fertility, resulting in substantial population increase during the transition phase

Migration

The long term or permanent relocation of an individual or group of people from one area to another

Emigration

The process of migration from a country individuals are referred to as emigrants (Leaving country)

Immigration

The process of migration to a country individuals are referred to as immigrants (Entering country)

Life cycle

The process of change experienced by individuals over their lifespans; often divided into stages, each of which is associated with particular forms of behavior

Slavery

A form of labor that is controlled through compulsion and is not paid

Infectious disease

A disease that spreads from human to human via bacteria or viruses

Degenerative disease

A disease that is long lasting and results from a gradual degeneration of the body; this type of disease is more common today than in the past as a result of longer life expectancy

Epidemic

A rapid increase of relatively short duration in the number of cases of a disease within a population

Pandemic

An outbreak of disease that is of greater scope and scale than an epidemic

Epidemiology

The study of the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in human populations

Epidemiological transition

A transition in the dominant causes of death in a population over time, typically exemplified by a relative decline in infectious diseases and an increase in degenerative or chronic diseases