safety, anatomy and charting

mesaticephalic

most common head type

ex. poodles, corgies, german shepherds, labs, and DSH cats

brachycephalic

short, wide heads → crowded and rotated premolar teeth, which can lead to periodontal disease

ex. boxers, pugs, bulldogs, persian cats

dolichocephalic

long, narrow heads

ex. collies, greyhounds, borzois, and seal point siamese cats

which palate is covered in mucosa with irregular ridges (palatine rugae)

hard palate

which palate separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

soft palate

where do the left and right mandibles join

the mandibular symphysis

• fibrocartilaginous joint with cruciate ligaments to give flexibility

how is the mandible connected to the skull

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

what does occlusion mean

how the teeth fit together

what type of bite do dogs and cats have

scissors bite: mandibular teeth meet the palatal side of the maxillary teeth

which teeth are more in front of each other

the mandibular teeth are ~1/2 a tooth in front of the maxillary counterparts

cusp

peak of the crown

enamel

hardest substance in the body

cementoenamel junction

where enamel and cementum meet

enamel budge

where the crown widens slightly

furcation

where the root meets near the crown

dentin

hard tissue deep to enamel, surrounding the pulp

pulp

innermost portion of the tooth

pulp chamber vs root canal

chamber: within the crown

• consists of nerves, vessels, and different types of cells and fibrous tissue

canal: within the root

where do nerves and vessels enter the tooth

apical foramina

in a dog which teeth have only one root

incisors, canines, first PM and mandibular 3rd molar

in a dog which teeth have two roots

• maxillary 2nd and 3rd PM

• mandibular 2nd, 3rd, and 4th PM

• mandibular 1st and 2nd molars

in a dog which teeth have three roots

maxillary 4th PM, and the 1st and 2nd molars

*mandibles have no 3 root teeth

in a cat which teeth have only one root

incisors and canines

in a cat which teeth have two roots

• maxillary 3rd PM

• mandibular 3rd and 4th PM

• mandibular 1st molar

in a cat which teeth have three roots

maxillary 4th PM

in a cat which teeth can have one, two fused or two separate roots

maxillary 2nd PM and molar

gingiva

oral mucosa surrounding each tooth

attached gingiva

keratinized stratified mucosa

• more associated with the tooth and alveolar bone through connective tissue

free gingiva

not directly attached to the tooth

• reflects to face the tooth → sulcus

sulcus

connects to tooth by junctional epithelium

• <3mm in dogs ; <1mm in cats

alveolar mucosa

Nonkeratinized soft tissue covering bone

• less collagen, more elastin than gingiva

periodontum

attachment apparatus and structures that support the tooth

• alveolar process, periodontal ligament, cementum, gingiva

mixed dentition period

period when both deciduous and permanent teeth are present

deciduous canine dentition total number

28 teeth

deciduous dental formula for canines

2 x ( 3/3 i, 1/1 c, 3/3 p) = 28

adult canine dental formula

2 x ( 3/3 I, 1/1 C, 4/4 P, 2/3 M) = 42

kitten deciduous dental formula

2 x (3/3 i, ½ c, 3/2p) = 26

adult cat dental formula

2 x (3/3 I, 1.1 C, 3/2 P, 1/1 M) = 30

vestibular

direction outside the teeth

labial

towards the lips

buccal

towards the cheeks

palatal

describes maxillary teeth on the surface toward the palate

lingual

mandibular teeth, the surface facing the tongue

mesial

side of the tooth closest to its midline

distal

portion of tooth farthest from midline

interproximal area

area between 2 teeth

diastema

gap between 2 teeth

anatomic system

names each tooth based on location and tooth type

• written in order; left to right, maxillary/mandibular, tooth #, tooth type

• ex. left maxillary first incisor

• maxillary teeth indicated as a superscript, and mandibular teeth indicated as subscript

triadan system

method of labelling teeth based on quadrant and tooth number

quadrants of the mouth

1xx - right maxillary

2xx - left maxillary

3xx - left mandibular

4xx - right mandibular

where does numbering begin for the triadan system

at the front of the mouth

rule of 4 and 9

the canine tooth is always 04 and the first molar is always 09

deciduous teeth quadrants

5xx - right maxillary

6xx - left maxillary

7xx - left mandibular

8xx - right mandibular

pro and con of the triadan system

pro: convenient

con: not intuitive

how would you chart a patient with a 3mm pocket with no attachment loss

3/0

how would you chart a patient with a 3mm pocket with 2mm additional attachment loss

3/5

PPE to be worn

• eye protection

• gloves

• proper lead protection if taking radiographs

repetitive motion disorders

stiffness in the neck and shoulders, soreness in the elbow/wrist, hand fatigue, headaches, tingling or numbness in fingers

brachycephalics are more prone to which malocclusion

class III malocclcusion → underbite

dolichocephalics are more prone to which malocclusion

class II → overbite

parotid duct location

aka salivary gland

• between the 4th PM and 1st molar

what structures are connected to the vomeronasal organ

incisive papilla

• vomeronasal organ is connected to the amygdala allowing dogs to emotionally respond to pheromones

periodontal ligament

connects alveolar process to the root cementum

cementum

external covering of the tooth root

alveolar bone

tooth root is housed here; boney socket within the jaws

• specialized form of cortical bone

3 ways to classify teeth

1. crown and root length

   1. brachydont vs hypsodont

2. morphological classification

   1. homodont vs heterodont

3. number of sets

   1. monophydont

   2. diphydont

   3. polyphyodont

brachydont

• small, distinct crowns

• well developed roots

• do NOT continually grow

• ex. humans, carnivores, pigs

hypsodont

• large reserve crown below the gingiva

• continued growth and eruption

• ex. horses, rodents, rabbits, ruminant

hypsodont - radicular

• apex of root remains open

• continued growth until it closes

hypsodont - aradicular

• lacks true root

• grows continuously

homodont

only one kind of tooth

ex. fish, reptiles, dolphins

heterodont

• teeth have specialized forms and functions

• ex. most mammals

monophyodont

• one set of teeth that grow in

• ex. toothed whales, marsupials, cape anteater, some rodents

diphydont

• deciduous and permanent teeth

• ex. most mammals

polyphyodont

• constant replacement

• ex. vertebrates, manatees, kangaroos, elephants

differences between adult dog and adult cat dentition

• felines have no 05, 10, or 11’s on the maxilla

• felines have no 05, 06, 10, or 11 on the mandible