MACRO FINALSS

INCOME GENERATION

Tourism creates INCOME in destination areas.

SOURCES OF INCOME

What are the SOURCES OF INCOME generated through tourism?

INCOME REDISTRIBUTION

Tourism spreads INCOME through LOCAL BUSINESSES.

LOCAL TOURISM BUSINESSES

What are examples of LOCAL BUSINESSES that benefit from tourism?

DIRECT EMPLOYMENT

Jobs DIRECTLY SERVING TOURISTS.

INDIRECT EMPLOYMENT

What do you call jobs that SUPPORT TOURISM-RELATED ACTIVITIES?

INDUCED EMPLOYMENT

Jobs created when TOURISM EMPLOYEES spend their income LOCALLY.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

What records the flow of GOODS, SERVICES, and MONEY into and out of a country?

SURPLUS

A country RECEIVES MORE MONEY than it SENDS OUT.

DEFICIT

What happens when a country SENDS OUT MORE MONEY than it RECEIVES?

INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

TOURISM DEMAND attracts GOVERNMENT and PRIVATE INVESTMENT and encourages the development of HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, TRANSPORT, and ATTRACTIONS.

INFLATION

What occurs when TOURIST SPENDING encourages businesses to RAISE PRICES, increasing costs for residents?

RISING LAND VALUES

Tourism increases LAND DEMAND and PROPERTY PRICES, making homes harder for residents to afford.

ECONOMIC LEAKAGE

MONEY generated by tourism LEAVES the DESTINATION'S ECONOMY.

CAUSES OF ECONOMIC LEAKAGE

What are the CAUSES of ECONOMIC LEAKAGE?

SEASONALITY

TOURISM DEMAND is HIGH during PEAK SEASONS and FALLS during the OFF-SEASON.

OVERDEPENDENCE ON TOURISM

What happens when a destination relies too heavily on TOURISM as its MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME?

FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM DEMAND

INTERNAL FACTORS, PRICES, CONSUMER PREFERENCES, FASHION, GLOBAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, and ENERGY AVAILABILITY.

EDWARD INSKEEP (1991)

Who is associated with the TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CONTROL MEASURES in the reviewer?

NINE ECONOMIC IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

What are the NINE ECONOMIC IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES?

GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT should progress STEP BY STEP.

APPROPRIATE SCALE

What control measure recommends keeping TOURISM DEVELOPMENT at a SUITABLE SIZE?

LOCAL RESIDENT INVOLVEMENT

RESIDENTS should PARTICIPATE in TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.

TOURISM ZONES

DESIGNATED AREAS for TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.

PUBLIC ACCESS

What control measure helps ensure tourism development does not PREVENT PUBLIC ACCESS?

LOCAL OWNERSHIP

Encouraging RESIDENTS to OWN TOURISM BUSINESSES.

LOCAL ECONOMIC LINKAGES

What connects TOURISM BUSINESSES with LOCAL SUPPLIERS and BUSINESSES?

PREVENT CONGESTION

A control measure that aims to avoid OVERCROWDING in TOURISM DESTINATIONS.

TRAIN LOCAL WORKERS

What helps RESIDENTS DEVELOP SKILLS for TOURISM EMPLOYMENT?

SOCIAL IMPACTS

Changes in the QUALITY OF LIFE of RESIDENTS in TOURIST DESTINATIONS.

SOCIAL TOURISM

Ensuring TOURISM IS ACCESSIBLE TO ALL PEOPLE.

EXPLORER

Tourist who ACTIVELY PARTICIPATES in and OBSERVES LOCAL LIFE and easily adapts.

ELITE

What tourist type can afford UNUSUAL VACATIONS, is WELL-TRAVELED, and is often called a JET-SETTER?

OFFBEAT

Tourist who adapts well to SIMPLE ACCOMMODATION and services for occasional guests.

UNUSUAL TOURIST

What tourist enjoys UNUSUAL or PRIMITIVE CULTURAL SITES but wants to return quickly to FAMILIAR SURROUNDINGS and their group?

INCIPIENT MASS TOURIST

Tourist who seeks WESTERN-STYLE AMENITIES and combines PLEASURE-SEEKER and BUSINESS-TRAVELER characteristics.

MASS TOURIST

Often MIDDLE CLASS, with DIVERSE TASTES; follows the idea that “YOU GET WHAT YOU PAY FOR.”

CHARTER TOURIST

What tourist type arrives in LARGE NUMBERS, uses STANDARDIZED SERVICES, and has LIMITED, IMPERSONAL INTERACTION with hosts?

SMITH (1997)

Who categorized TOURISTS INTO SEVEN TYPES and described HOST-RESIDENT INTERACTION?

FOUR POSITIVE SOCIAL EFFECTS

MULTICULTURAL UNDERSTANDING, ADAPTATION TO MODERN LIFE, FOREIGN-LANGUAGE USE, and IMPROVED HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTROL.

UNWTO VIEW OF TOURISM

Tourism is an ENCOUNTER between a PERSON and a DESTINATION in its NATURAL SETTING.

WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT AND TOURISM

Can increase FAMILY INCOME and CHILDREN'S OPPORTUNITIES for HIGHER EDUCATION.

FOUR NEGATIVE SOCIAL EFFECTS

What are the FOUR NEGATIVE SOCIAL EFFECTS of tourism?

SOCIAL SATURATION

LARGE NUMBERS OF TOURISTS cause CONGESTION in facilities and services and COMPETITION FOR LIMITED RESOURCES.

CHANGES IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE, BEHAVIOR, AND ROLES

What negative social effect involves changes in a community's SOCIAL ORGANIZATION and people's BEHAVIOR?

COMMUNITY PROBLEMS

DIFFICULTIES experienced by LOCAL RESIDENTS as tourism affects their community.

NEGATIVE DEMONSTRATIVE EFFECTS

What occurs when RESIDENTS are INFLUENCED BY TOURISTS' LIFESTYLES or behavior?

LIN AND LOEB (1977)

Who identified THREE FACTORS connecting TOURISM AND CRIME?

THREE TOURISM-RELATED CRIME FACTORS

SEASONAL DENSITY AND CONGESTION, INCOME DIFFERENCES that may encourage robbery, and BORDER RESORTS that may attract undesirable migrants.

SEASONAL DENSITY

More TOURISTS during BUSY PERIODS create more potential targets and CONGESTION.

INCOME DIFFERENCES

What TOURISM-RELATED CRIME FACTOR may encourage ROBBERY because of differences between tourists and residents?

BORDER RESORTS

Areas that may attract UNDESIRABLE MIGRANTS and increase ENFORCEMENT COSTS and BUSINESS LOSSES.

SOCIAL IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

Limit CARRYING CAPACITY and TOURIST FLOW, use TOURIST ENCLAVES, EDUCATE AND INVOLVE COMMUNITIES, and train workers in INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS.

CARRYING CAPACITY AND TOURIST FLOW

What should be LIMITED to help control NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS?

TOURIST ENCLAVES

DESIGNATED AREAS that may be used to MANAGE TOURISM and its SOCIAL EFFECTS.

COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND INVOLVEMENT

What control measure helps RESIDENTS UNDERSTAND TOURISM and PARTICIPATE IN DECISIONS?

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND NETWORKING SKILLS

Skills TOURISM WORKERS should develop to improve INTERACTIONS and REFERRALS.

ACCULTURATION

Changes in CULTURE through BORROWING FROM OTHER CULTURES, including TECHNOLOGY, LANGUAGE, and VALUES.

CULTURAL CONVERGENCE

The tendency of WORLD CULTURES to become MORE ALIKE.

TWO POSITIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION and RENAISSANCE OF NATIVE CULTURE.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

CULTURES MEET AND INTERACT, potentially REDUCING PREJUDICE and PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING.

RENAISSANCE OF NATIVE CULTURE

Tourism encourages communities to REMEMBER, PRESERVE, and PROMOTE their HISTORY AND CULTURE.

CULTURAL MODEL VILLAGES / LIVING MUSEUMS

PLACES that help PRESERVE NATIVE TRADITIONS AND CRAFTS.

CULTURAL EXPERIENCE

Allows visitors to OBSERVE AND PARTICIPATE IN LOCAL CULTURE without disrupting residents' everyday lives.

HISTORICAL REPRESENTATION

Shows and PRESERVES an area's PAST HISTORY AND LIFESTYLE.

POLYNESIAN CULTURAL CENTER, HAWAII

Keeps TRADITIONAL ART AND PRACTICES alive, presents HISTORICAL POLYNESIAN LIFESTYLES, and encourages participation.

FOUR NEGATIVE CULTURAL IMPACTS

ARTWORK AND ARTIFACT LOSS, ALTERED ARTIFACTS AND DEGRADED CRAFTSMANSHIP, COMMERCIALIZATION AND LOSS OF AUTHENTICITY, and ARCHITECTURAL HOMOGENIZATION.

ARTWORK AND ARTIFACT LOSS

What negative cultural impact involves LOSING CULTURAL ARTWORKS AND ARTIFACTS?

ALTERED ARTIFACTS AND DEGRADED CRAFTSMANSHIP

CHANGES TO ARTIFACTS and a DECLINE IN THE QUALITY of traditional craftsmanship.

COMMERCIALIZATION AND LOSS OF AUTHENTICITY

RITUALS may be shortened or staged for tourists, causing culture to lose SPIRITUAL OR COMMUNITY MEANING.

ARCHITECTURAL HOMOGENIZATION

TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE is replaced by UNIFORM WESTERN-STYLE HIGH-RISES.

CULTURAL IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES

Promote INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION, MATCH TOURIST TYPES TO DESTINATIONS, DESIGN HOST-GUEST INTERACTION, EDUCATE TOURISTS, and incorporate LOCAL OR INDIGENOUS FEATURES.

MATCH TOURIST TYPES TO DESTINATIONS

What control measure considers whether TOURISTS ARE SUITABLE FOR A DESTINATION?

DESIGN HOST-GUEST INTERACTION

PLANNING INTERACTIONS between TOURISTS and LOCAL RESIDENTS.

EDUCATE TOURISTS

What can help VISITORS RESPECT LOCAL CULTURES AND TRADITIONS?

LOCAL AND INDIGENOUS FEATURES

What should be incorporated into TOURISM DEVELOPMENT to help preserve CULTURAL IDENTITY?

ENVIRONMENT

Includes HUMAN AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

PEOPLE, COMMUNITIES, CULTURE, BUILDINGS, and similar features.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

LAND, WATER, FORESTS, WILDLIFE, MOUNTAINS, BEACHES, and other NATURAL FEATURES.

PRE-EXISTING FORMS

HUMAN AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS already present in an area.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Tourism helps people APPRECIATE NATURE and understand the need to PROTECT IT.

CONSERVATION

PROTECTION of NATURAL RESOURCES, WILDLIFE, and IMPORTANT AREAS.

HISTORICAL PRESERVATION

MAINTENANCE of HISTORICAL BUILDINGS and CULTURAL SITES.

DEVELOPMENT OF ATTRACTIONS

Responsible development of NATURAL AREAS into TOURIST DESTINATIONS.

CARRYING CAPACITY

The degree of DEVELOPMENT an area can sustain WITHOUT DETRIMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS.

FOUR CONSERVATION MOVEMENT FACTORS

SOCIAL CONCERN, EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE, AESTHETIC ENHANCEMENT, and PROTECTION.

SOCIAL CONCERN

Which CONSERVATION MOVEMENT FACTOR involves concern for SOCIETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT?

EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE

Using RESOURCES EFFECTIVELY to REDUCE WASTE.

AESTHETIC ENHANCEMENT

IMPROVING THE BEAUTY OR APPEARANCE of an area.

PROTECTION

SAFEGUARDING NATURAL RESOURCES and IMPORTANT AREAS.

GUNN / VALENE (1995)

Who is associated with the FOUR FACTORS leading to the CONSERVATION MOVEMENT in the reviewer?

ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS

VEGETATION DESTRUCTION, AIR POLLUTION, WATER POLLUTION, NOISE POLLUTION, and WILDLIFE DESTRUCTION.

VEGETATION DESTRUCTION

DAMAGE TO PLANT LIFE caused by tourism activities.

AIR POLLUTION

What ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT involves CONTAMINATION OF THE AIR?

WATER POLLUTION

CONTAMINATION OF WATER RESOURCES.

NOISE POLLUTION

What ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT involves EXCESSIVE OR DISTURBING SOUND?

WILDLIFE DESTRUCTION

HARM TO WILDLIFE caused by human activities.

GEOLOGICAL CONFLICTS

Tourists may collect MINERALS, ROCKS, FOSSILS, and CORALS or VANDALIZE NATURAL FORMATIONS.

RESIDENT CONFLICTS

CONFLICTS among TOURISTS, LOCAL RESIDENTS, and TOURISM DEVELOPERS.

EXAMPLES OF RESIDENT CONFLICTS

HOTELS REPLACING HOMES, RISING LAND VALUES, CONGESTION, POLLUTION, COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES AND LABOR, LITTER, VANDALISM, CROP DAMAGE, and LAND EROSION.