BIOL 1070 Cumulative Final Quick Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the major anatomy and physiology concepts, structures, processes, and pathways outlined in the BIOL 1070 cumulative final review.

Anatomy

The study of the structure and physical organization of the body.

Physiology

The study of the biological functions and processes of the body.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference posture where an individual stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Negative Feedback

A homeostatic mechanism that reverses a directional change to return conditions back to a set point, such as regulation of body temperature or glucose.

Positive Feedback

A control mechanism that amplifies a physiological change until a definitive endpoint is achieved, such as during labor contractions or blood clotting.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed via the transfer of electrons between atoms and the resulting electrical attraction of opposite ions.

Covalent Bond

A strong chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction that removes a water molecule to link smaller subunits together into larger biomolecules.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that adds a water molecule to break covalent bonds in larger molecules.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The immediate energy currency of the cell whose terminal phosphate bond is broken to power cellular work.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The structural basis of the plasma membrane, featuring hydrophilic heads oriented toward water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails oriented inward.

Osmosis

The passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward a higher solute concentration.

Hypertonic Solution

A surrounding fluid with a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm, causing water to leave the cell and the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

A surrounding fluid with a lower solute concentration than the cytoplasm, causing water to enter the cell and the cell to swell.

Epithelial Tissue

A cellular, avascular tissue with tightly packed cells that lines cavities, covers surfaces, and forms secretory glands.

Connective Tissue

A primary tissue class characterized by abundant extracellular matrix that functions to support, protect, bind, and transport.

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete chemical products through ducts onto internal or external epithelial surfaces.

Epidermis

The avascular, outermost skin layer composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Dermis

The vascular layer of skin beneath the epidermis composed of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.

Sebaceous Glands

Exocrine glands of the skin that secrete an oily substance termed sebum into hair follicles.

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Abundant cutaneous sweat glands producing a watery secretion that cools the body through evaporation.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing new bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Multinucleated bone cells that break down and resorb bone matrix.

Diaphysis

The tubular central shaft of a long bone.

Epiphyses

The expanded proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

Synarthrosis

A functional classification of a joint that is completely immovable.

Diarthrosis

A functional classification of a joint that is freely movable, characteristic of synovial joints.

Epimysium

The external sheath of dense connective tissue surrounding an entire skeletal muscle.

Sarcomere

The repeating contractile unit of a myofibril bounded between two consecutive Z discs.

Troponin

A regulatory protein on the thin filament that binds calcium ions to shift tropomyosin and expose myosin-binding sites.

Muscle Hypertrophy

An increase in skeletal muscle mass caused by the enlargement of individual muscle fibers.

Depolarization

The initial upward phase of a nerve impulse where voltage-gated channels open and $Na^+$ enters the cell.

Repolarization

The restoring phase of a nerve impulse where $K^+$ exits the cell to bring the membrane potential back toward rest.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The autonomic division that activates fight-or-flight responses, increasing heart rate and inhibiting digestive functions.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The autonomic division that mediates rest-and-digest states, decreasing heart rate and promoting digestion.

Meninges

The three protective connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system, consisting from outer to inner of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate water retention by the kidneys.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels.

Insulin

A pancreatic hormone produced by islet beta cells that lowers blood glucose concentrations.

Glucagon

A pancreatic hormone produced by islet alpha cells that increases blood glucose concentrations.

Hemostasis

The sequential physiological process that stops bleeding, comprising vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

Neutrophils

Phagocytic white blood cells that serve as the primary responders to bacterial infections.

Universal RBC Donor

Blood type $\text{O}^-$ which lacks A, B, and Rh (D) antigens, allowing safe transfusion of its red blood cells to other basic ABO/Rh types.

Universal RBC Recipient

Blood type $\text{AB}^+$ which possesses A, B, and Rh (D) surface antigens and produces neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The natural pacemaker of the heart that spontaneously generates electrical action potentials to trigger atrial contraction.

Systole

The contractile phase of the cardiac cycle during which ventricular chambers pump blood into the great arteries.

Diastole

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle during which heart chambers fill with blood.

Cardiac Output

The total volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, calculated as $\text{Heart Rate} \times \text{Stroke Volume}$.

Edema

An abnormal accumulation of excess interstitial fluid within body tissues.

Innate Immunity

The nonspecific defense system present from birth, including anatomical barriers, inflammatory responses, and phagocytic cells.

Adaptive Immunity

The antigen-specific immune response mediated by B and T lymphocytes that provides targeted destruction and long-term immunological memory.

Alveoli

Microscopic, thin-walled air sacs in the lungs surrounded by pulmonary capillaries where respiratory gas exchange occurs.

Surfactant

A fluid secreted by alveolar cells that lowers alveolar surface tension to prevent lung collapse during expiration.

Peristalsis

Alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation that propel ingested material through the gastrointestinal tract.

Bile

A digestive liquid produced by hepatocytes in the liver and stored/concentrated in the gallbladder to aid in lipid digestion.

Glomerular Filtration

The initial nephron process whereby systemic blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus into the Bowman capsule.

Tubular Reabsorption

The renal process that moves essential water, ions, and nutrients from the tubular lumen back into the peritubular bloodstream.

Tubular Secretion

The nephron process that selectively clears metabolic wastes, drugs, and excess ions by moving them from peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule.

Epididymis

A tightly coiled tubular duct situated on the posterior surface of the testis where developing sperm mature and are stored.

Fallopian Tubes

Uterine tubes that transport ovulated oocytes from the ovaries toward the uterus, typically serving as the site of fertilization.