RADT 101 TEST 1 CHAPTERS 1-6

radiation

energy transmitted by waves through a space or medium

ionization

the process of adding. or removing an electron from an atom.

Ionizing

high energy and short wavelength

non-ionizing

A longer wavelength and low energy

electromagnetic spectrum

contains All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

electromagnetic spectrum order to low energy to high energy (L to R)

heat, radio television, visible light, UV, x-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays

low energy examples

radio television , heat , infrared (sun)

high energy examples (short wavelength)

x rays, Ultraviolet, gamma rays, cosmic rays

radiography

uses electromagnetic energy in the form of X-rays to create medical images. this energy creates ionizations that create imaging and potentially harm living tissue.

Diagnostic Medical Sonography

(S) sound is form of mechanical energy and uses high frequency sound energy to create medical images. NON- IONIZING

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

(MR) uses the energy of high-strength magnetic fields and radio waves to create images. NON- IONIZING

CT scan (computed tomography)

(CT) uses x-ray energy and sophisticated software to create cross-sectional images. this scanning has the most exposure; A discipline that visualizes sectional anatomy by the recording of a predetermined plane in the body is

mammography

(M) radiography of a breast

nuclear medicine

(N) uses nuclear energy of atom to create medical images. energy form is gamma radiation (rays). radioactive isotopes is used to create gamma radiation

cardiovascular interventional technology (CVIT)

Uses X-rays to visualize human blood vessels and heart anatomy. requires a catheter and injection of contrast media to visualize anatomy.

radiation therapy

(T) uses very high-energy ionizing radiation to treat malignant tumors (cancer). often worked with oncology to improve patient care.

non-ionizing forms of radiation

MRI & sonography

History of. medicine goes back how many years?

5000 years

Hippocrates are considered the what?

father of western medicine (natural meds)

scientific method applied to medicine in what century

17th century

Louis Pasteur

discovered the role of germs in disease process. 19th century

antibiotics and vaccines were discovered in

20th century

human genetic code (DNA) was discovered in

mid 20th century

Crusades

1347 Bubonic Plague

Leonardo da Vinci

Studied human anatomy

Morgani

Father of Pathology

Edward Jenner

Discovered the small pox vaccine

Sir Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin

Jonas Salk

Developed prophylactic vaccines such as Flu and Polio vaccine

Crick and Watson

Discovered DNA

Wilhelm Roentgen

discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895. received the nobel prize in physics in 1901

First known x-ray image was of?

wilhelm roentgen's wife's hand

William Crookes

developed a partially evacuated tube with an anode and a cathode and an electrical supply

Micheal Pupin

Produced the first known radiograph in the US On January 2, 1896

Marie Curie

Developed first mobile unit during WWI

Thomas Edison

Developed fluoroscopy (live x-ray)

Ed C. Jerman

First RT educator in the US. Started the Allied Health profession of X-ray Technology

Radiologic Technologist (RT)

Person licensed to x-ray humans to produce images interpreted by a Radiologist. Also called Radiographer

Radiology

a diagnostic service that focuses on imaging of patients to diagnose their medical condition

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)

provides credentialing (certifies individuals) in many areas of imaging sciences and radiologics. headquarters located in Minneapolis, MN, and is internationally recognized. founded in 1922

Which organization represents the interests of radiologic technologists to the public and federal government?

american society of radiologic technologists (ASRT)

Special protection should be taken to prevent excessive exposure to

ionizing radiation

The study of disease of muscles and bones is termed

orthopedics

various specialties examples within a radiology department certified by the ARRT

Bone Densitometry (BD)

Breast Sonography (BS)

Cardiac Interventional Radiography (CI)

Cardiovascular Interventional Radiography (CV)*

Computed Tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR)

Mammography (M)

Nuclear Medicine Technology (N)

Quality Management (QM)*

Radiation Therapy (T)

Radiography (R)

Registered Radiologist Assistant (R.R.A.)

Sonography (S)

Vascular Interventional Radiography (VI)

Vascular Sonography (VS)

commerial entities

sales, applications, service, biomedical engineering

x-ray

Electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength (high energy/frequency) that is produced when electrons moving at a high velocity are suddenly stopped

ASRT

presents individuals practitioners, educators, managers and administration and students of primary pathway of radiography. 140,000 members with core values of commitment, leadership, integrity, creativity, and accountability

health care team

group of people with different knowledge and skill levels who work together to provide care to the patient. MD or DO, nurses, allied health personnel, and supporting members are part of the team

accreditation

-A process to ensure high quality of operations and offerings.

-It ensures compliance with established standards of performance.

-A voluntary peer review process.

-Standards set by organization that sponsors the accrediting agency.

-Very highly valued by members of professions.

energy forms of imaging

Electromagnetic

X-rays (ionizing)

Radio waves

Sound (Medical sonography)

Electrical (Electrocardiography)

Heat or thermal (Thermography)

Magnetic (MR)

Nuclear (Gamma radiation)

Radiologic Assistant (RRA)

an advanced-level radiographer who extends the capacity of the radiologist in the diagnostic imaging environment, thereby enhancing patient care

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

-JRCERT; was established in 1969.

-Concerned with compliance with education standards developed by and for the profession of radiologic technology.

-Governed by board of directors known as joint review committee (JRC).

-Accreditation of schools

What does JRCERT (Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology) accreditation require?

accreditation requires demonstrated compliance with minimum requirements known as essentials and guidelines or standards

Cerfication

-Deals with the demonstration of minimum competencies in recognized professional skills and knowledge.

-A voluntary process & highly sought after by professionals within health care.

-It's your personal responsibility to achieve and maintain.

-Professional certification is required for employment in hospitals.

Joint Review Committee (JRC)

Group of persons appointed by sponsoring organizations to oversee the accreditation process.

The Joint Review Committee on Education in Diagnostic Medical Sonography (JRCDMS).

- The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT).

- The Joint Review Committee on Education in Nuclear Medicine Technology (JRCNMT).

JRCERT currently accredits programs in

-radiography

-radiation therapy technology

-medical dosimetry

-magnetic resonance imaging

JRCDMS (Joint Review Committee on Education in Diagnostic Medical Sonography)

Concerned with compliance with education standards developed by and for the profession of medical sonography.

JRCNMT (Joint Review Committee on Education in Nuclear Medicine Technology)

Concerned with compliance with education standards developed by and for the profession of nuclear medicine technology.

registry

voluntary process and highly sought after by professional within health care; listing of certified individuals

Cerification examples are

awarded at the individual level; nuclear medicine technology (N), radiation therapy technology (T), sonography (S), vascular sonography (VS), breast sonography (BS), musculoskeletal sonography (MSK), CT scanning (CT), vascular interventional technology (VI), bone densitometry (BD), radiologist assistant (RRA)

MRI safety

MRI screening who (patient or personnel) will be in zones I-IV (1-4); is essential for identifying any ferromagnetic objects or devices within the body (filling an a form)

state licensing agencies

Requirements to practice the radiologic professions vary from state to state

ASRT (American Society of Radiologic Technologists)

Organization that represents the interests of rad. Techs to the public and federal government

(society of our peers)

Society of Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM)

leading healthcare professional organization for those interested in the current and future use of informatics in medical imaging.

stress

-Produced by life events that place a perceived demand on daily activities.

-Demand on time, energy, and resources with some threat included. -Causes emotional and biological change in body.

The best ways to reduce stress are by

controlling time, thinking positively, and buffering stressors

- self-image is important

-understand the environment around you that's adding to your stress

-remove yourself from stressful situations

-learn to say "no."

fight or flight response

physiological reaction to a real or imagined threat, arising from emotions of both fear and anger.

physiologic reactions to fight or flight response

-increases metabolism from fats/sugars

-release of hormones

-increases blood flow and cardiac output

-stimulated central nervous system

Stressful events may come at you from many sources including:

-class (different from clinical)

-clinical (different from class)

-instructors

-patients

-finances

-work

-family

stressors

events that add strress to your life

hassle

what has not been learned is how to handle minor changes

hassles can compound themselves to become

stressors

procrastination

worry contributor, avoid it

stress buffers

can help reduce harmful effects of stress

stress buffers can be reduced by

exercise & proper nutrition

test taking tips

-Avoid last-minute cramming for exams.

-Wear bright, colorful clothes on the day of exams.

-Avoid a heavy, high-carbohydrate meal before exams.

-Get a good night's sleep the night before an exam.

-Arrive for the test early to prepare mentally.

-Scan the entire test to develop a test strategy.

-Review the test carefully and make corrections after additional thought.

-After the test is done, put it behind you!

critical thinking and problem solving steps:

1. identify the problem

2. investigate the problem objectively

3. develop viable solutions

4. select the best situation and implement it.

Critical Thinking

Involves sound professional judgement applied with high ethical standards and integrity.

- it requires professional knowledge & experience

What skills are traits that employers expect in competent radiologic science professionals?

Critical thinking traits

A critical thinking requires more than just what?

The simple recollection of knowledge and facts.

Critical thinking skills are taught in a variety of learning settings such as:

-classroom

-laboratory

-clinical environment

What's an essential component of critical thinking skills?

Adaptability

What do clinical applications of critical thinking & problem solving require?

-a thorough understanding & compliance with ETHICS of the profession

-complete TECHNICAL competency

-PATIENT INTERACTIONS

Case Study 1

*You have received a request for a chest radiograph examination

of a young female patient(14yo) who is accompanied by her

mother.

*As you begin to take the patient's history, you inquire about the

possibility of a pregnancy, and it is clear she is uncomfortable in

answering your question.

Ask them when they are not around their relative.

—> when she gets in the room ask her, politely tell the relative to stay where they are and that y'all will be back after the images are taken.

Case Study 1

*You have received a request for a chest radiograph examination

of a young female patient(14yo) who is accompanied by her

mother.

*As you begin to take the patient's history, you inquire about the

possibility of a pregnancy, and it is clear she is uncomfortable in

answering your question.

All we do is take the pictures and provide them to the radiologist, they will be in contact with you as soon as possible to tell you your results.

Case Study 3

You work as a mammography technologist in a small

community hospital. After the morning activities have

been completed and while you are at lunch with your

coworkers, you overhear a conversation between two

hospital staff members regarding a mammography

patient you saw earlier that morning. The

conversation of the staff members is not subtle, and

you are certain almost everyone in the immediate

area heard some portion of the conversation.

You are also aware that the information you

overheard is clearly inaccurate.

Do not confront them!

Go to the Supervisor & inform them about the incident and let them handle the situation.

Case Study 4

*You are working with one of your team members to complete a

digital portable chest radiograph. The portable x-ray machine

displays patient information on the computer screen as part of

its normal operation.

*Following the completion of the portable exam, the unit is

parked in the hospital ER corridor and left there as your

coworker hurries off to lunch. What should you do before joining

her for lunch?

Make sure you completely log out!!

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

The creation of sectional images of the body that demonstrate the physiologic function of various organs and systems

mechanical energy in radiology is known as what?

sound; transmitted through matter and imaging of returning sound waves can be created

licensure

governmental agency grants (usually state) permission to individuals to practice their profession

What title is granted to a radiographer after successful completion of the American Registry of Radiologic Technologist's examination in radiography?

registered technologist, radiographer; RT (R)

RRA

ARRT certified who have completed an advanced academic program encompassing the RRA curriculum. have to earn a bachelor's degree and have 1 year of acceptable clinical experience in radiology.

The biggest thief of time is

indecision

Characteristics of professional critical thinking are

sound professional judgment, uncomfortable and challenging decision making, quick and inventive response

what is the first step involved in problem solving associated with critical thinking?

Identify and clarify the problem

The second step involved in problem solving associated with critical thinking is to undergo an objective examination of the problem. What are the elements of this step?

-implications of the problem

-safety risks and potential liability

-technical considerations

-number and types of solutions required

Analyzing personal values and feelings and managing uncomfortable ethical situations are components of what type of critical thinking?

affective

Cognitive learning includes:

knowledge, reason, and judgement

In order to perform diagnostic or therapeutic procedures competently, students in medical imaging in radiologic sciences programs must always:

-Observe a qualified medical imaging professional, Develop appropriate skills and behaviors

-Assist the radiologist or radiation oncologist as much as possible -Perform as many diagnostic or therapeutic procedures as possible

clinical education

Purpose is to provide an environment in which the student can transfer learning from the didactic and laboratory settings to real-world patient-care experiences

—> Requires prior learning in the classroom and laboratory

—> Permits one-on-one, direct patient contact