Test 2 Cultural Anthropology

descent group

A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through certain consanguineous (Blood) relatives

lineage

A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor

clan

A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but  lacking genealogical documentation 

patrilineal descent group

A kinship group in which membership passes to the next generation from father to son

affinal relationship

 A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance 

polygyny

Marriage between one man and two or more women

polyandry

Marriage between on women and two or more men

exogamy

Marriage to someone outside the kinship group

endogamy

Marriage to someone within the kinship group

bridewealth

The gift of good or money from the groom’s family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process

dowry

The gift of good or money from the brides family to the groom’s family as part of the marriage process

fictive kin

those who became kin not through marriage or biologically

bilateral kinship

Mother and father side equally determining kinship, descendants, and inheritance 

segmentary lineage

Small camping units are often too small for political action. So they can coalesce into sublineages. Sublineages may also be too small, so they can join together as lineages.

bridewealth

Something given to the young women’s family to negotiate marriage.

patriotically residence

After marriage, the new couple most often goes to live in the camp of the husband's family

sex

The culturally agreed upon physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction

gender

The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes

gender identity

Each person’s internal experience and understanding of their own gender

gender expression

How a person expresses or presents themselves in relationship to gender, whether in their behavior, appearance, name, or pronouns

sexual dimorphism

The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species

transgender

People whose gender identity and expression do not correspond with the biological sex category they were assigned at birth

cisgender

People whose gender identity and expression correspond with the biological sex category they were assigned at birth

cultural construction of gender

The ways humans learn to perform and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context

masculinity

The ideas and practices associated with manhood

femininity

The ideas and practices associated with womanhood

gender performance

The way gender identity is expressed through action

intersex

The state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes

gender stratification

An unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges

gender ideology

A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that function to promote and justify gender stratification

gender Ideology

Set of ideas, beliefs, and values that promotes and justifies gender differences and stratification

normative gender identities and roles

Men did more masculine jobs, women more feminine. But gender is on a continuum scale

Heteronormativity

a social and cultural framework that assumes heterosexuality is the default, normal, and superior mode of human sexuality

gender Ideology

Set of ideas, beliefs, and values that promotes and justifies gender differences and stratification

normative gender identities and roles

Men did more masculine jobs, women more feminine. But gender is on a continuum scale

Heteronormativity

a social and cultural framework that assumes heterosexuality is the default, normal, and superior mode of human sexuality

Intersectionality

Describes how multiple social identities ( Race, gender, class, sexuality, ect.) overlap and intersect to create unique experiences of discrimination

Hijra

 Indians who were born male at birth, reject identity, recognized third gender, live in extreme poverty and resort to doing sex work.

Two-spirit

Neither men nor women, part of native american culture, do both men and women roles, mediator between male and female & the spirit world. (Androgynous individuals who are male bodied or female bodied and play a mediating role in society)

ethnicity

 A sense of historical cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group

origin myth

A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity

situational negotiation of identity

An individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location

identity entrepreneurs

Political, military, or religious leaders who promote a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people against those whom they perceive as a danger

ethnic cleansing

Efforts by representative of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another groups in a particular geographic area

assimilation

The process through which cultural minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups

multiculturalism

A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture yet retain an ethnic culture

nation-state

A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people

nation

A term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place or origin; now used interchangeably with nation state

nationalism

he desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation state

imagined community

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet

-have a community that is so big that you don’t know everyone but you imagine that everyone belongs. Uses for nations or nationalism.

diaspora

A group of people who live outside their ancestral homeland yet maintain emotional and material ties to home

tradition

includes elements from the past, but this ”past” is equivocal: it does not correspond to the experience of any particular generation

invented traditions

The construction of ethnicity, always based in part on a model of the past, is perhaps the most obvious illustration of the fact that we create ourselves through our social categories.

Hokule’a

tribe that tried to relearn canoeing and sailing again 

structures of power

the organized, often invisible networks, institutions, and cultural norms that distribute authority, resources, and influence unequally across a society

Race

A social and cultural construction rather than a biological reality

racial ideology

The culturally specific sets of ideas, beliefs, and values about human differences that normalize and justify social, economic, and political inequalities

racism

People who look down on others and exclude them from things because of the color of their skin

institutional racism (a.k.a. structural racism; systemic racism)

How institutions justified and participated in the racial hierarchies

• Any type of institution provides access to something- education, housing, food, water

• Any discrimination that occurs 

Racialization

the social, political, and historical process by which groups of people are assigned a racial identity, category, or stigma that they did not previously hold

Genotype

Genes in an organism that makes up who they are biologically.

Phenotype

The observable, physical, and behavioral traits of an organism

Cline

gradual gradient across geographic regions, where traits change continuously as you move from one population to another

Ethnogenesis

creation of ethnic groups

Primordial

a theoretical approach that views ethnic cultural, and national identities as fixed, natural, ancient, and deeply ingrained rather than flexible or socially invented

Nationalism

A modern, socially constructed phenomenon shaped by state-building, institutions, and cultural production

invention of tradition / invented traditions

A set of ritual or symbolic practices of relatively recent, artificial origin that deliberately attempts to establish continuity with a suitable historic past

CHANGED ON PURPOSE FOR POLITICAL REASONS NOT THINGS THAT NATURALLY CHANGE

patrilocal residents-

living with the husband and his family