Grade 8 Filipino: Wika, Panitikan, Lipunan, at Teksto

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Filipino grammar (pang-abay), literary forms (epiko and alamat), the Philippine reform and revolutionary movements, republican governance and its branches, and persuasive texts.

Pang-abay

A word that describes or modifies a verb (pandiwa), adjective (pang-uri), or another adverb, answering questions such as how (paano), when (kailan), where (saan), how much (gaano), and how often (gaano kadalas).

Pang-abay na Pamanahon

A type of adverb that indicates when an action took place, is taking place, or will take place, answering the question "Kailan?" (When?).

Pang-abay na Panlunan

A type of adverb that indicates where an action took place, answering the question "Saan?" (Where?), and often including words such as dito, diyan, and doon.

Pang-abay na Pamaraan

A type of adverb that describes how an action was performed, answering the question "Paano?" (How?) and commonly using the marker "nang".

Epiko

A long narrative poem depicting the heroism, adventures, and significant events in the life of an extraordinary main character possessing exceptional strength, intellect, or powers.

Epos

The Greek root word of "epiko", which translates to story, song, or narrative.

Alamat

A form of folk literature (panitikang-bayan) narrating a fictional story to explain the origin of a person, object, animal, plant, or place, typically carrying a moral lesson and reflecting Filipino culture.

Protagonista

The central or main character in a story who faces difficulties and strives to achieve a specific goal.

Antagonista

The opposing character or adversary who works against the goals of the protagonist and creates obstacles.

Tauhang Bilog

A round character whose traits, mindset, or behavior undergo change and development as the story unfolds.

Tauhang Lapad

A flat character whose traits and personality remain constant and unchanged from beginning to end.

Tagpuan

The element of fiction that indicates the place and time where the events of the story occur.

Tuwirang Banghay

A linear plot structure where events unfold in sequential, chronological order according to time.

Di-Tuwirang Banghay

A non-linear plot structure that may begin in the present and use flashbacks to return to the past, presenting events out of chronological sequence.

Paikot na Banghay

A circular plot structure where the resolution brings the story back to the starting situation or condition.

Putol-putol na Banghay

An episodic plot structure made up of separate yet interconnected events or chapters showcasing various experiences of the character.

Saglit na Kasiglahan

The part of the plot displaying the initial engaging or exciting event before the emergence of the major conflict.

Kasukdulan

The climax or highest, most suspenseful point of the story where the most critical event or character decision occurs.

Kakalasan

The falling action of a plot that demonstrates the gradual resolution of the problem or easing of tension following the climax.

Nasyonalismo

An ideology, sentiment, and belief system demonstrating intense love, loyalty, and pride in one's own country, culture, and history.

Propaganda

The deliberate spread of ideas, information, or stances to influence public opinion, beliefs, or behavior, advocated by middle-class intellectuals or ilustrados seeking reform.

Himagsikan

An uprising or rebellion staged by citizens against the government or existing system to demand radical change.

KKK

The Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, a revolutionary society founded on July 7, 1892, aimed at liberating the country from colonizers.

Emilio Jacinto

The Katipunero hailed as the "Utak ng Lipunan" who authored the Kartilya ng Katipunan.

Kartilya ng Katipunan

A foundational guidebook outlining the moral principles, rules, and conduct expected of Katipunan members.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal

A key member of the Propaganda Movement who used his pen and writings to expose Spanish abuses and advocate for Filipino reforms; wrote under the pen names Dimasalang and Laong Laan.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

A reformist known as the "Ama ng Pahayagang Tagalog" who used journalism to criticize abuses; used pen names Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Siling Labuyo, and Piping Dilat.

Graciano Lopez Jaena

A reformist and orator who served as the first editor of La Solidaridad; wrote under the pen names Bolivar and Diego Laura.

Republika

A form of government where power resides in the people, who choose their leaders through elections to govern in accordance with the law.

Res Publica

The Latin phrase meaning "pampublikong bagay" or "public matter", from which the term republic is derived.

Emilio Aguinaldo

The first President of the First Philippine Republic, established in Malolos, Bulacan on January 23, 1899, after being elected by the Malolos Congress.

Sangay na Ehekutibo

The executive branch of the government responsible for implementing laws and running the government, headed by the President, Vice President, departments, and government agencies.

Sangay na Lehislatibo

The legislative branch responsible for making and passing laws; it is bicameral, composed of the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house).

Sangay ng Hudikatura

The judicial branch tasked with interpreting and explaining laws and resolving legal disputes; composed of the Supreme Court, Special Courts, and Lower Courts.

Tekstong Persuweysib

A type of text written with a subjective tone that aims to convince or persuade listeners, viewers, or readers based on the author's opinions, ideas, and beliefs.

Ethos

An element of persuasion identified by Aristotle that appeals to the credibility, character, image, authority, and reputation of the speaker or writer.

Logos

An element of persuasion identified by Aristotle that appeals to logic, rational arguments, factual data, and evidence.

Pathos

An element of persuasion identified by Aristotle that appeals to the audience's emotions, feelings, and sympathy.