Cell Bio Exam 2

integral protein

a protein that spans the entire width of the membrane. helps with transport

peripheral protein

a protein that does not span the entire width of the membrane. helps with structure

glyco-proteins

help to identify self from non-self cells.

amphipathic

hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

What 2 ways is new membrane created?

The smooth ER makes new membrane to send to outside or when a vesicle exocytosis the membrane surrounding the vesicle is used

metabolism

totality of energy used in an organism chemical reactions

metabolic pathway

begins with a speciifc molecule and ends with a product. the pathway is catalyzed by a protein

catabolic pathway

releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

anabolic pathways

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

bioenergetics

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

kinetic energy

energy of motion

thermal energy

energy generated by random movement of atoms to generate heat

heat

transfer of thermal energy between objects

potential energy

energy that matter possess because of location/structure

chemical energy

energy that is released in reaction

thermodynamics

the study of energy transformations

law 1 of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed

law 2 of thermodynamics

energy transfer increased the entropy of the universe

spontaneous process

occur without energy. increase entropy. negative delta g

non-spontaneous process

occur with energy. decrease entropy. positive delta g

exergonic reaction

net release of free energy and is spontaneous. negative delta g

endergonic rxn

absorbs free energy, non spontaneous, positive delta g

catalyst

speeds up reaction without being consumed by reaction

enzymes

lower activation energy. catalytic protein.

substrate

reactant that an enzyme acts on

active site

where the substrate fits into the enzyme

induced fit

of a substrate brings chemical groups into positions that enhance reaction

how do enzymes lower Ea?

correct orientation of the molecules, strain substrate bonds, provide a favorable environment, covalently bond to substrate

enzyme saturation

when all the active sites are engaged

what can impact enzyme activity?

temperature and pH, chemicals that influence the enzyme

cofactor

non-protein enzyme helpers

organic cofactor

coenzyme

competitive inhibitor

bind to the active site

non-competitive inhibitor

bind to other part of the enzyme to change the shape, making the active site less effective

allosteric regulation

regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects proteins functions at another site

feedback inhibition

end product of a metabolic pathway binds to the active site to shut down the rest of the pathway

fermentation

partial degradation of sugars without oxygen

aerobic respiration

consumes organic molecules and oxygen

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)

oxidation

loses an electron

reduction

gains an electron

How to harvest energy from glucose

1. glycolysis

2. citric acid/krebbs cycle

3. oxidative phosphorylation

what is the maximum amount of ATP that can be made from each molecule of glucose

32 ATP