BSC2085 IRSC Unit 2 Study Guide Flashcard Set #2

3 Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Covers exposed surfaces

Lines internal passageways and chambers

Forms secretory glands

2 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

Contracts to produce movement

Includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

2 Characteristics of Nervous Tissue

Conducts electrical impulses

Carries information

Which part of the neuron conducts electrical impulses to other cells?

The Axon

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

Knee Joints

Intervertebral Discs

Between the pubic bones of the pelvis

What are the cells that make up cartilage?

Chondrocytes

What are the cells that make up bone?

Osteocytes

Which type of tissue would you expect to make up organs that contain multiple layers of cells and have an internal cavity?

Epithelial Tissue

Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones to?

interstitial fluid that goes into the bloodstream.

What characteristic of epithelial tissue would make it less susceptible to cancer malignancy than other tissue types?

Epithelial Tissue is avascular (Lacks blood vessels)

What are the intercellular connections of epithelial tissue, and how can they be identified in an image?

Tight junctions - create a seal between cells, prevent passage of substances.

Adherens junctions - connect cells with actin filaments ("belt" around cells).

Desmosomes - strong "spot welds," attach cells together.

Gap junctions - channels allowing communication and exchange of ions/small molecules.

Hemidesmosomes - anchor cells to the basement membrane.

Where is Transitional Epithelium found?

Urinary Bladder

Ureters

Urine-collecting chambers of the kidneys

Which types of epithelium are best suited for absorption and secretion?

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium

- List the 3 types of connective tissue. Also, which type consists of fibers, giving it it's a.k.a. of Fibrous Connective Tissue?

Connective Tissue Proper (Consists of Collagen, Elastic and Reticular Fibers)

Fluid Connective Tissue

Supporting Connective Tissue

Which cells in connective tissue secrete the hyaluronic acid and proteins that produce extracellular fibers like collagen?

Fibroblasts

Which type of dense connective tissue provides strength and support in the presence of stresses from many directions?

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Name the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Name the connective tissue that interconnect bones and stabilize the position of internal organs.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

What are the 3 formed elements in blood?

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

List the functions of the integumentary system.

Protection & Regulation

Production & Excretion

Storage & Sensation

Which is the deepest layer of the epidermis, characterized by the presence of actively dividing stem cells?

Stratum Basale, characterized by dividing Basal cells.

List the accessory structures of the integumentary system.

Hair shaft, pore of gland duct, Tactile (Meissner's) Corpuscle, Exocrine (Sweat and Sebaceous Glands), Arrector Pili Muscle, Hair follicle, Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscle, Nerve Fibers, Tactile Discs, Free nerve endings, Bulbous (Rafini's) Corpuscle

What is the name of the condition characterized by a lack of melanin production?

Albinism (Albino)

What process causes the skin discoloration that we call Cyanosis?

Low oxygen in the blood

What are the two major components of the cutaneous membrane?

Epidermis and dermis.

What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, excretion, temperature regulation, melanin & keratin production, vitamin D₃ synthesis, lipid storage, and sensory detection.

Which skin pigment contributes to an orange/yellow color and is found in orange vegetables?

Carotene

Which is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

Malignant Melanoma

What might contribute to changes/deterioration of the skin?

Aging and biological factors

What causes the sensation of "goosebumps"?

Contraction of the Arrector Pili muscle (little muscle connected to hairs)

List the differences between Terminal and Vellus hairs.

Vellus are tinier hairs that cover the whole body, Terminal hairs are thicker are coarse that are found on the head, face after puberty or armpit

What is the term we use for skin oil, a combination of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes?

Sebum from Sebaceous glands

Where in the body would you find apocrine sweat glands?

Apocrine sweat glands are found in armpits and pubic areas as they secrete into hair follicles

What do merocrine sweat glands do?

Secrete watery sweat to cool the body and helps get rid of waste, found almost everywhere.

Does ultraviolet radiation influence the hair growth cycle?

Yes, It can disrupt the hair growth cycle

How can Rickets be prevented?

Consuming enough sunlight and Vitamin D (D3)

Which cells divide to produce mobile cells that repair the deeper areas of the dermis in the presence of a penetrating wound?

Mesenchymal Cells

What is a scab?

Dried out bloodclot.

List the five layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.

(Stratum) Corneum, Lucidium (In thick skin), Granulosum, Spinosum, and Basale.

Which part of an epithelial cell attaches to other underlying epithelial cells, connective tissue, or other deep underlying tissue?

Basal surface (Basolateral Surface)

Which type of epithelium is the most delicate

Simple Squamous Epithelium

What is the medical term for fat cells?

Adipocytes

List the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue along with their descriptions.

Collagen- strong, flexible, resist stretching

Elastic- stretchy, return to original shape

Reticular Fibers- Thin, branching, form supportive networks

Where in the human body would you find hyaline cartilage?

between the tips of the ribs and the bones of the sternum

What is the medical term for bone tissue?

osseous

Which type of tissue is specialized to conduct or propagate electrical impulses?

Nervous Tissue

What is the medical term for a nail cuticle?

Eponychium

Steps of Vitamin D3 production

step 1: UV Radiation from sunlight strikes the epidermis of the skin and then converted to a D3 precursor.

step 2: D3 travels to the liver and converted to a less active form (calcidiol)

step 3: calcidiol then travels to the kidneys and converted to calcitriol.

List the 4 stages of skin repair after suffering damage.

Inflamation: Bloodclot forms to seal wound

Migration: Form scab, epithelial cells move under scab

Proliferation: Regrow tissue

Scarring: Scar tissue forms (less flexible and has less nerves)