Bio 150 Mid Term

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering introductory cell biology, biochemistry, organelles, membrane transport, and biological organization based on the lecture transcript.

three domains that organize the diversity of life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.

Emergent Properties

New properties that arise from interactions among smaller components and are not present in the individual components alone.

The building blocks of the human body

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which identifies the element.

Atomic Mass

the number of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Valence Electrons

Electrons located in an atom's outermost shell that determine much of its bonding behavior.

Valence shell

the bonding capacity of an atom

third shell

highest energy level

what are chemical bonds caused by

outer electron shell not being full

Example of an Ionic Bond

sodium chloride, NaCI

Hydrogen Bond

A relatively weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen.

Polarity of Water

A property resulting from oxygen attracting shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, combined with a bent shape that creates partially negative and partially positive ends.

High Specific Heat of Water

Water's ability to resist rapid temperature changes because hydrogen bonds absorb energy when disrupted and release energy when they form.

Density of Ice

A property where hydrogen bonds hold water molecules in a more open structure, making ice less dense than liquid water so that it floats.

When an atom loses an electron it becomes

positive

when an atom gains an electron it becomes

negative

Hydrophilic

Substances that interact well with water, often because they are polar or charged.

chemical bonds are made and broken by

chemical reactions

Hydrophobic

Substances that are usually nonpolar and do not mix well with water.

pH Formula is a

log scale

Acids have a

high H+ concentration and a low pH number

Bases have a

low H+ concentration and a high pH number

Buffer do what?

resist changes in pH by accepting or releasing $H^+$ when acids or bases are added.

Miller–Urey Experiment

An experiment that simulated if organic molecules could have been formed by inorganic ones in early conditions

Major Functional Groups

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate group

Isomer

molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms

Dehydration Synthesis

joins molecules & forms a covalent bond.

Hydrolysis

breaks a covalent bond to break polymers into smaller units.

Classes Biological Macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Monosaccharide

monomer of carbohydrates, such as glucose(an important source of cellar energy), fructose, or galactose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides linked together.

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides linked together.

Starch

A polysaccharide that stores energy in plants.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that stores energy in animals and fungi.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls.

Chitin

A polysaccharide that provides structural support in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

Amino Acid

monomer of proteins, composed of o an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a R group.

Levels of Protein Structure

Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (overall 3D shape of one polypeptide), and quaternary (arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits).

Protein Denaturation

A change in a protein's shape that disrupts its normal function, often caused by heat, extreme pH, or chemicals.

Triglyceride

A lipid composed of one glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that have no carbon–carbon double bonds, and maximum amount of hydrogen

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that contain one or more carbon–carbon double bonds.

Phospholipids

Lipids with hydrophilic polar heads and hydrophobic non polar fatty acid tails that make up most of the cell membrane.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA; biological macromolecules that store, transmit, and help express genetic information.

Cell Theory

The fundamental biological theory stating that all organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio

A geometric relationship where small cells have a higher ratio, allowing materials to move across the membrane more efficiently relative to cellular needs.

Nucleoid

The non-membrane-enclosed region where a bacterium's main DNA is located.

Flagella

helps with mobility such as a paddle or motor

Pili

adheres to surfaces

capsule

protection, adheres to surfaces

Nucleus

The organelle that stores DNA and helps direct cell activities (the boss)

Nucleolus

The structure within the nucleus that produces ribosomes and allows for selective transport.

Nuclear Pores

Openings that regulate the movement of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes

responsible for protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle studded with ribosomes that processes proteins destined for secretion or membranes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle that synthesizes lipids and helps detoxify substances

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport. (ZIP CODES)

Vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs that transport materials between cellular compartments or to and from the plasma membrane.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration.

Lysosomes

Organelles that digest and recycle cellular waste, damaged cell parts, and large molecules using digestive enzymes.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that break down fatty acids and help detoxify hydrogen peroxide.

Chloroplasts

Photosynthetic organelles in eukaryotic cells that convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer that provides structural support, protection, and shape outside the cell membrane.

Vacuoles

Organelles that store water, nutrients, and waste products

Cytoskeleton

An internal network that supports cell shape, movement, internal transport, and cell division.

Cytoplasm

protects and supports cell structure while serving as the site for metabolic reactions

Endomembrane System

A group of membranes and organelles including the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and plasma membrane that make, modify, transport, and process materials.

Tight Junctions

Cell junctions that seal spaces between neighboring animal cells and prevent substances from leaking between them.

Gap Junctions

Channels between neighboring animal cells that allow ions and small molecules to pass between them for communication.

Plasmodesmata

Channels through plant cell walls that connect neighboring cells and allow communication and transport.

Plasma Membrane

The selectively permeable boundary that separates the cell from its environment, regulates material movement, maintains homeostasis, and supports signaling and recognition.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The structural model describing the membrane as a flexible, dynamic phospholipid bilayer containing embedded or associated proteins and components.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances down a concentration or electrochemical gradient without direct energy input from the cell.

Active Transport

Movement of substances that requires energy, often to move them against their concentration or electrochemical gradient.

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward the side with the higher effective solute concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive movement down a concentration or electrochemical gradient through a membrane protein, such as a channel or carrier.

Solute

the substance that dissolves in a solution

Solvent

the substance that dissolves the solute

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher effective solute concentration than the cell, causing water to exit and the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower effective solute concentration than the cell, causing water to enter so that the cell swells and may lyse.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same effective solute concentration as the cell, resulting in no net movement of water and stable cell volume.

Lysis

The bursting of a cell, often occurring when excess water enters an animal cell.

monomer of lipids

fatty acids, glycerol

function of lipids

long term energy storage, cell membranes, hormones

examples of lipids

saturated, unsaturated fats, waxes and sterols

parts of lipid structure

long hydrocarbon chains, double bonds that cause bends in fatty acid chains, hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

monomers of carbohydrates

monoscacharides; simple sugars

function of carbohydrates

short term energy, structural support

examples of carbohydrates

frutose, galacose and glucose an important source of cellular energy

polymers of carbohydrates

starch; plant energy storage and glycogen; animal energy storage

parts of carbohydrates

long carbon chains and hydroxyl groups

monomer of proteins

amino acids

function of proteins

transport proteins such as hemoglobin that transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body and structural proteins that provide support such as keratin, elastin and collagen, defensive proteins that protect against diseases such as antibodies, enzymatic proteins that accelerate chemical runs such as amylase that catalyze hydrolysis

parts of proteins

amino group, carboxyl group, R group

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

function of nucleic acids

responsible for storing and transmitting and helping express hereditary information

example of nucleic acids

DNA composed of two strands that form a double helix which is held together by interactions between their bases