Psych 2021 midterm 1

chapters 1-4

what is development?

systematic changes between conception and death

maturation

heredity influences on aging procress (born with it)

learning

change in behavioour due to experience (teaches it)

desribe development

what is happening?

Normative development: Typical patterns of most members of
a species
– Ideographic development: Individual variations

explain development

why is it happening?

why does one child develope different than the other

optimize development

takes research and applies it to real word situations

what are the 3 domains of development

physical- body

cognitive- the brain and thinking

emotional - feelings and relationships

continuous

A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with

es- a Childs vocab steadily growing

Discontinuous

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the worlds emerges at specifc times

ex- piagets stages

nature

refers to the genetic inheritance (eye colour, certain diseases)

nuture

refers to environment and experiences ( parenting styles, schooling)

what did john locke believe

the blank slate

• he believes baby starts as a blank slate and the enviornment and experiences write on the slate

what did jean jacques rousseou beleive

he believed children were noble slaves and had a built in moral sense and innate plan for growth

he also introduced concepts of stage and maturation

what 2 ideas did charles darwin believe in

natural selection and survival of the fittest

what age does oral happen in freuds stages

birth to 1 year

what age does anal happen in freuds stages

1 to 3 years

what age does phalic happen

3 to 6 years

when does latency happen

ages 6 - 11

who believes that personalty is involved in 3 parts

sigmund freud

ID

your basic bilogical drive (I want it)

EGO

tries to deal with reality (okay, be releastic)

SUPEREGO

your internalized rules/moral (knowing thats not right)

what age does gential happen

during adolscences

erik erikson

the psychosocial theory

• emphasizes the egos postive contrubution to development of 8 stages

what stage happens at birth to 1 years

trust vs mistrust

what age does autonomy vs shame happen

ages 1 to 3

when does initaive vs guilt happen

ages 3 to 6

what age does industry vs inferiority happen

ages 6 to 11

what stage happens at adolescenes

idenity vs role confuson

what stage happens at adulthood

intimacy vc isolation

what age does generavity vs stagnation happen

during adulthood

what stage happens at old ago

integrity vs despair

what is operant condtioning

behaviour is affected by reinforcers

ex- clean you room, get 15 bucks, you will clean your room again

what does BF skinner view

He views directly observable events. stimuli and respones

what theory did albert bandura do

the social learning theory

• modeling is a powerful source of developemnt

  • ex- older sibling shoots a ball, younget will watch, imitate, and learn how

what theory did jean piaget do

cogntive delevopement theory

• children activley construct knowledge as they explore and manipulate thier old

  • think of adaptation

what age does sensorimotor happen

birth to 2 years

what age dies prepoerational happen

ages 2 to 7

what stage happens at 7-11

concrete operational

formal operational

11 years and on

what does lev vygotsky beleive

he beleives children learn from people who knows more than they do

ex- child cant solve math problem, gets gelp from teacher, they figure out how to do it thorugh social interaction

sociocultural theory

focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation

microsystem

childs immediate enviornment

• parents, friends, teachers, school

mesosystem

connections between the childs immediate environments

• parents to school

exosystem

after the child without directly containing the child

• parents workplace, may affect the child at home

macrosystem

culture and society

chronosystem

changes over time

zygote

The single cell when a sperm fertilizes an egg

how many chromosmes

46 (23 from each parent)

what gender is XY

male

what gender is XX

female

DNA

chemical code inside the genes, shaped like a double helix

chromosomes

long stands of DNA

each one cotents thousands of genes which direct development

Meiosis

special cell divison process that promotes gamates (sperm) with hal the normal chomorsomes

and increases genetic variability through crossing over

what happens at a cross over

a chromosome pair exchange segments

monozygotic

identical twins

dizygotic

fraternal twins

Alleles

varations of a gene (one from mom, one from dad) d

dominant alleles

always expressed if present (dark hair)

recessive alleles

only expressed if two copies are present (cystic fiborisis)

codminace

both alleles expressed equally (AB blood type)

incomplete dominace

bledning of traits (red and white flower = pink)

what is epigensis

a development with results from interactions and enviornment at all levels

genes can be turned on and off without changing DNA sequence

methylation

chemical tag attaches to a gene, reducing its expression

study- children whose mothers experiences high stress in pregenacy (1998 ice cream strom in montreal) showed long term changes in immue function

geneomic imprinitng

only on allele of a gene is expressed (it is either maternal or poternal copy is silcenced)

what is mutations

a sudden, permanent DNA change

germline mutations

in sperm/egg - passed to offspring

somatic mutation

in body cells- may cause illness (cancer) but not inherited

does the mother or father determine the sex?

the father

turner syndrome

shor stature, infertilty. in women

poly-x

usaly mild symptoms, sometimes learning issues in females

klinefeller

tall, underdeveloped testes, some learning diffculities in male

s

supermale

taller, sometimes more learning behavioural issues in male

down syndrome

trismoy 21

extra 21st chromosome

distinctive facial features, intellectual disability, health risks

risks increases with age

cystic fibrosis

recessive- thick mucus in lungs/digestive system

fragile x syndrome

mutation on x chromosome- intellcuteal disability, often more severe in malesh

hemophilla

x linked recessive- blood fails to clot properly

huntington;s dieases

dominat- adult onset newlogical disorder causing degenration of motor and cognitve functions

heritabiity

amount of varaibility in a trait that is attributaed to heredity infuclenes, meausred on a scale from 0-1

heritability estimate

proportion of varaition in a trait explained by genetics

ex- height is 0.8 (80%) of the varation in height due to genetics while 20% is due to enviornment

it is population level not individual

passice correlation

parents provide both genes and enviornemnts

ex- musical parents pass of musice traits and have instruments at home

evocative correlation

childs gentic traits evoke certain rspones

ex- a naturally cheerful baby gets more postive attention

active correlations

think nike picking

chld seeks enviornments that fit thier genes

ex- athleic teen joins a sports team

male production

continous productionfe

female production

limited supply from birth

what are the 3 prnatal periods

germinal period

embryonic period

fetal period

when is the germinal period

conception - 2 weeks

• supporting structures begin to develop

• rapid cell divison

• blastocyst forms and implants into uterine wall

what is the embryonic period

3 - 8 weeks

• most body systems and organs begin to form

• heart starts to beat

• arms, legs, ears formed

  • most senstive time period for terotogens

when is the fetal period

9 weeks to birth

• growth and finsihing touches

• movement

• sex can be detetced

  • can survive outside womb with medical help at 22-28 weeks

teratogens

enviormental agents that can harm the developing fetus

FASD

caused by heavy drinking. effects micrcoencephaly, facial malformations, seziures, below average IQ

FAE

caused by moderate socail drinking, effects poor motor skils, attetions problems, below average IQ

drugs

thalidome- limb defects

cocaine-premature birth with withdrawals

rubella

deaf, blind, hear issues

toxoplasmosis

from uncooked meat can get brain damage

smoking

low birth weight, risk of SIDS, cleft lip

when are organs most vulnerable

during the embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)

ammion

thin membrane filled with fluid

chorion

protective membrane that surrounds the aromnio, forms part of the placenta

placenta

supplies nutruients, oxygen, and removes waste via mothers blood supply