examen de cells

Célula / Cell

The smallest unit of life that can perform all basic life functions.

Teoría celular / Cell Theory

The scientific principle stating that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Orgánulo / Organelle

A specialized structure inside a cell that performs a specific function.

Citoplasma / Cytoplasm

The jelly-like material inside the cell where organelles are found.

Membrana plasmática / Plasma Membrane

The thin barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves.

Pared celular / Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer that protects and supports the cell.

Núcleo / Nucleus

The control center of the cell that contains most of its DNA.

ADN / DNA

The molecule that carries genetic instructions for living organisms.

Cromosoma / Chromosome

A structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.

Cromatina / Chromatin

DNA and proteins in a loose, uncondensed form inside the nucleus.

Ribosoma / Ribosome

A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins for the cell.

Retículo endoplasmático rugoso / Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle studded with ribosomes that helps synthesize and transport proteins.

Retículo endoplasmático liso / Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle without ribosomes that makes lipids and helps break down harmful substances.

Aparato de Golgi / Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes proteins and other substances.

Mitocondria / Mitochondrion

An organelle that produces most of the ATP used by the cell.

Cloroplasto / Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

Lisosoma / Lysosome

An organelle containing enzymes that break down and recycle cellular materials.

Vacuola / Vacuole

A storage sac that holds water, nutrients, and other substances.

Vesícula / Vesicle

A small membrane-bound sac that transports or stores substances.

Centriolo / Centriole

A structure that helps organize microtubules during cell division.

Centrosoma / Centrosome

A structure that organizes microtubules and helps form the mitotic spindle.

Célula procariota / Prokaryotic Cell

A cell that does not have a defined nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Célula eucariota / Eukaryotic Cell

A cell that has a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Célula vegetal / Plant Cell

A cell that possesses a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.

Célula animal / Animal Cell

A cell that lacks a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Difusión / Diffusion

The movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.

Difusión facilitada / Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of substances from high to low concentration through membrane proteins without using energy.

Ósmosis / Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Transporte activo / Active Transport

The movement of substances across a membrane using energy, usually ATP.

Endocitosis / Endocytosis

The process by which a cell takes materials in by forming vesicles.

Exocitosis / Exocytosis

The process by which a cell releases materials using vesicles.

Homeostasis / Homeostasis

The ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Solución hipotónica / Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move into the cell.

Solución hipertónica / Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move out of the cell.

Ciclo celular / Cell Cycle

The series of stages a cell goes through as it grows and divides.

Interfase / Interphase

The stage when a cell grows, performs its functions, and copies its DNA before division.

Replicación del ADN / DNA Replication

The biological process by which a DNA molecule produces an identical copy of itself.

Mitosis / Mitosis

The division of the nucleus that produces two genetically identical nuclei.

Profase / Prophase

The phase when chromosomes condense and become visible.

Metafase / Metaphase

The phase when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Anafase / Anaphase

The phase when sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

Telofase / Telophase

The phase when two new nuclei form around the chromosomes.

Citocinesis / Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that separates the cell into two daughter cells.

Fisión binaria / Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction in which one bacterial cell divides into two cells.

Célula madre / Stem Cell

An undifferentiated cell that can divide and develop into different specialized cell types.

Célula diferenciada / Differentiated Cell

A cell that has become specialized to perform a specific function.

Tejido / Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a function.

Órgano / Organ

A structure made of different tissues working together to perform a function.

Sistema de órganos / Organ System

A group of organs working together to perform a major function.

Organismo / Organism

An individual living thing.