bio 202 - ch 11 - cellular communication

adenyl cyclase

enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal

G-protein

transmit extracellular signals to intracellular proteins

G protein coupled receptors (GCPR)

activates G protein in response to a signal

apoptosis

programmed cell death, enzymes break down cell components

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

secondary messenger in eukaryotes, regulator in prokaryotes, diverse set of roles,

diacylglycerol (DAG)

second messenger, produced by cleavage of phospholipid

hormone

long distance signaling molecule

inositol triphosphate (IP3)

second messenger, causes a rise of Ca2+ in cytoplasm

ligand

signaling molecule, binds to things

ligand gated ion channel

transmembrane protein that opens/closes in response to signaling molecule

phosphorylation cascade

series of chemical reactions mediated by kinases, leads to phosphorylation of many proteins

protein kinase

enzyme that phosphorylates proteins

protein phosphatase

enzyme that dephosphorylates proteins

receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

receptor protein spanning the plasma membrane, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to tyrosine

scaffolding protein

increases signal efficiency, groups of relay proteins simultaneously attached

second messenger

molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor to a target

signal transduction pathway

series of steps linking mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to a specific response (signal —> transduction —> response)