History of the Umayyad Caliphate and Caliph Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufian

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the foundation, governance, military campaigns, genealogical branches, and administrative innovations of the Umayyad Caliphate under Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufian and his successors.

Kerajaan Bani Umaiyah (Umayyad Caliphate)

An Arab Islamic dynasty founded by Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufian with its administrative capital in Damsyik (Damascus), Syria (Syam), which ruled for 91 years (41–132 H / 661–750 M).

'Abdi Manaf

The fourth ancestor of Prophet Muhammad and common forefather where the ancestral lines of Bani Hasyim and Bani Umaiyah meet through his sons, Hasyim and 'Abdi Syams.

Tribal Factionalism (Fahaman Persukuan)

The pre-Islamic Jahiliyyah clan rivalry that resurfaced among Muslims following the murder of Caliph 'Utsman bin 'Affan, sparked when Mu'awiyah claimed the right of blood retribution due to shared Umayyad lineage.

Peperangan Siffin (Battle of Siffin, 657 M)

A major conflict fought in 657 Masihi between the Syrian army of Mu'awiyah and the forces of Caliph 'Ali, which concluded in arbitration negotiations at Daumatul Jundul.

'Amru ibnu al-'Ash

The chief negotiator representing Mu'awiyah at Daumatul Jundul who successfully maintained Mu'awiyah's position as governor and leader in Syam through political strategy.

Golongan Khawarij

A dissident group that originally supported Caliph 'Ali but broke away in protest when he accepted arbitration with Mu'awiyah, eventually assassinating Caliph 'Ali.

'Amul Jama'ah (Tahun Perhimpunan)

The 'Year of Assembly' in 41 Hijrah when Hasan bin 'Ali surrendered caliphal authority to Mu'awiyah to preserve Muslim unity, on the condition that succession would return to democratic consultation.

Peristiwa Karbala (Event of Karbala, 681 M)

The tragic conflict on 10 Muharam 681 Masihi in which Husain bin 'Ali was slain by Yazid's military forces after resisting the dynastic succession established by Mu'awiyah.

Cawangan Marwan (Marwanid Branch)

The dynastic lineage that provided 11 of the 14 Umayyad caliphs, beginning with Marwan bin al-Hakam (Marwan I) in 64 Hijrah following the 3 caliphs of the Sufyanid branch.

Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufian

The founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (41–60 H / 661–680 M), born 15 years before the Hijrah, who embraced Islam at the conquest of Mecca at age 23 and pioneered the Islamic navy.

Islamic Navy of Mu'awiyah

A massive military fleet comprising 1,700 ships established by Mu'awiyah with headquarters at Pulau Cyprus, which successfully conquered Pulau Rhodes and attacked Byzantine targets.

Muhallab bin Abi Shufrah

The military commander directed by Mu'awiyah to conduct conquests on the western Indian subcontinent, attacking from the borders of Sind to Lahore between Multan and Kabul.

Janadah bin Abi Umaiyah

The naval commander who led the Umayyad fleet to successfully conquer Pulau Rhodes.

Penyerangan Kota Constantinople (48 Hijrah)

A two-pronged seasonal campaign against the Byzantine capital led by Yazid bin Mu'awiyah, which was repelled after Byzantine fire attacks destroyed many Muslim ships.

Abu Ayyub al-Anshari

A prominent companion of Prophet Muhammad who took part in the expedition against Constantinople in 48 Hijrah and died and was buried outside the city walls.

'Uqbah bin Nafi

The military leader assigned in 50 Hijrah to lead 10,000 Muslim troops in North Africa who cleared the forest, built a mosque, and founded the city of Qairawan.

Kota Qairawan

A military base and city founded in 50 Hijrah in Tunisia by 'Uqbah bin Nafi with the help of the Berbers (bangsa Barbar) to plan and stage North African campaigns.

Adh-Dhahak bin Qais and Muslim bin 'Aqabah

The two trusted companions of Mu'awiyah entrusted with delivering his final testament and political guidance to his son Yazid before Mu'awiyah died in Rejab 60 Hijrah.

'Umar bin 'Abdul 'Aziz

The eighth Umayyad caliph (99–101 H / 717–720 M) who abolished the official practice of reviling Caliph 'Ali from the minbar during Friday sermons.

Jabatan Perang

The War Department created by Caliph Mu'awiyah to organize national defense and military affairs.

Jabatan Cap Mohor Kerajaan (Jabatan Setia Usaha)

The Department of the Royal Seal (Secretariat) established under Caliph Mu'awiyah to manage state correspondence, documentation, and official seals.

Perkhidmatan Pos

An extensive and systematic postal network instituted by Caliph Mu'awiyah across Islamic territories to connect isolated provinces swiftly with the capital.

Official Umayyad State Flag

The official state banner instituted during the caliphate of Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufian, which was black in color.