Obstructive urolithasis in ruminants and camelids

In small ruminants the most common cause of urinary tract disease is ____________

urolithiasis

In ruminants urolithiasis has a __________etiology

multifactorial

It is possible for _______ to form in the bladder and remain asymptomatic

calculi

Urolith formation in ruminants requires what things to happen

• nidus

• precipitation of minerals

A nidus can consist of what things?

• debris

• casts

• mucoprotein

• cells

• bacteria

What factors of a ruminant predispose it to forming urolithiasis

• male

• inappropriate ca:p ratio

• poor water management

• weather

A normal calcium phosphorus ratio is _________. ways that this ratio can be disturbed is by feeding _________ which is high in phosphorus or feeding ________ which is high in calcium

• 2 to 1

• grain

• alfalfa

A young ruminant is less likely to form __________ stone due to __________

• calcium carbonate

• time

If a ruminant is _________ to early then the urethral ___________ will predispose it to getting stones stuck

• castrated

• diameter

What breed of goats are predisposed to forming urolithiasis due to secretion of phosphorus through their urinary tract

goats of African descent

What risk factors of ruminants are distinct from monogastric animals and predispose them to forming urolithasis

• inconsistent mineral intake

• saliva

• alkaline urine

• water intake

Unlike monogastric animals ruminants excrete _____ in their saliva which prevents it from being excreted in the urinary tract. This changes when the ruminant is on a ________ diet which increases Phosphorus leading to increased ____________

• phosphorus

• grain

• urinary excretion

normally ruminants have _________ urine of about _________ ph

• alkaline

• 7.2-8

Dip sticks can often have a false positive on ___________ due to __________

• protein

• alkaline Ph

What would the values be in a normal urine sediment:

• RBCs

• WBCs

• epithelial ells

• fat

• crystals

• casts

• <5

• <5

• occasional

• rare

• rare

• occasional hyaline casts

Camelids rarely form _________

urolithiasis

What risk factors could lead to a camelid forming a stone

• improper diet

• improper mixing of milk replacer

• dysuria with P.tenuis infection

Pigs have an _______ bladder

elastic

It is possible for pigs to form a _________ and it will most likely be a ______________

• urolith

• mucous plug

What is relevant anatomy in ruminants that pertains to urolith formation

• urethral process

• urethral diverticulum

• distal sigmoid flexure

The urethral diverticulum is a significant structure in ruminants due it increasing the difficulty of passing a ___________

catheter

The urethral diverticulum sits at the level of the ____________

ischial arch

The most common site for uroliths to obstruct in males is the ______________

urethral process

What site on ruminants is at risk for urolith formation due to its tight turn and decreased diameter

distal sigmoid flexure

What are the two most common urolith stone types in ohio

• struvite

• calcium carbonate

What conditions are favorable for struvite formation

• diets high in phosphorus/low calcium phosphorus ratio

• alkaline urine

What urolithiasis is not radio opaque in ruminants

struvite

What conditions are favorable for calcium formation

increased calcium ingestion

what urolithiasis is radiodense in ruminants

• calcium carbonate

• oxalate

What type of urolithiasis is mistaken for struvite commonly in ruminants

amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate

an _________ is much more likely to show clinical signs than cattle

small ruminant

What complications can occur due of urethral obstructions

• bladder rupture

• urethral rupture

• hydronephrosis of kidney

A goat goes from depressed to comfortable to acutely sick with bilateral abdominal distension this makes you think what might have happened secondary to urolithasis?

bladder rupture

To confirm a bladder rupture after abdominocentesis measure _____ and if it is 2:1 in relation to the serum than it is _____________

• creatinine

• uroabdomen

A urethral rupture is a result of a ________ obstruction

chronic

A cow presents for a bloody/bruised udder that is dripping and swollen after months of signs of uncomfort this causes you to think that what might have happened

urethral rupture

what physical exam findings do you expect to find on a ruminants with a urethral obstruction

• tachycardia

• tachypnea

• urethral spasming

• dry prepuce

What differentials could explain findings caused by urethral obstruction

• trauma

• tumors

• hemorrhage

• prostatic disease

• surgical errors

• neurogenic bladder

We should assume all sick male goats are ________ until proven otherwise

blocked

what diagnostics would you want to run on a ruminants you suspect has a urethral obstruction

• blood work

• palpation

• UA

• ultrasound

• radiography

• exploratory

What values should you see on a blood chemistry in an obstructed ruminant

• post renal azotemia

• abnormal K

• decreased phosphorus

• decreased sodium

• decreased chloride

to ultrasound the bladder you should start _____________

inguinal

to ultrasound the urethra start at the __________ and end at the ___________

• tuber ischii

• preputial orifice

________ can be picked up on ultrasound and may be missed if the kidney is not thought of

hydronephrosis

How do contrast studies help with diagnosis urethral obstructions

• pick up on non radiopaque stones

• urethral strictures

• bladder ruptures

• urethral ruptures

A contrast study should not be performed until ______ has occurred

management

If you can get a UA ______ can reveal the urolith type or ______________

• sediment

• signs of AKI