MYP 2 Integrated Humanities: How Have Ideas Changed the World?

Comprehensive flashcards covering key terms, historical figures, dates, and concepts across MYP 2 Integrated Humanities Unit 1, including the Islamic Golden Age, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, and modern case studies.

What is the Key Concept and what are the Related Concepts for Unit 1?

The Key Concept is Change, and the Related Concepts are Causality and Innovation.

How is an idea defined in Chapter 1?

A thought that proposes something about how the world works, how people should behave, or how something new might be built.

What is an innovation according to the Unit 1 Vocabulary Bank?

An idea turned into something real: a tool, a system, a process, a law, or a piece of writing.

What is causality as defined in the Unit 1 Vocabulary Bank?

The relationship between a cause (what happened first) and a consequence (what followed).

What three tests do historians use to determine if an idea is historically significant?

An idea is significant when it meets at least two tests: it spreads beyond the person or group who created it; it changes how people behave, think, or organise themselves; and its effects can still be felt long after it was first thought.

When was writing developed in Sumer, and what practical problem led to its creation?

Around 3200 BCE, as a response to the practical problem of keeping track of grain deliveries in growing cities.

How many scrolls do historians estimate were held in the Library of Alexandria before it burned?

Between 400,000 and 700,000 scrolls.

In what year did the Abbasid Caliphate move its capital to Baghdad?

762 CE.

What material reached the Islamic world from China in the 8th century that enabled cheaper book production than parchment?

Paper, with paper mills established in Baghdad by the late 700s.

What was the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma)?

The library and scholarly institution in Baghdad where texts were collected, translated, and studied.

What was the Translation Movement in the Islamic world?

A funded, deliberate effort roughly between the 8th and 10th centuries to translate Greek, Persian, Sanskrit, and Syriac works into Arabic.

Which scholar wrote the book that gave algebra its name around 820 CE?

Al-Khwarizmi, who wrote Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala (c. 820 CE).

What key argument about vision and the scientific method did Ibn al-Haytham make in his Book of Optics?

He argued that light travels from objects into the eye, and that claims must be tested by controlled experiment before being believed.

Which major medical work by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) remained a standard teaching text in European universities into the 1600s?

The Canon of Medicine.

What educational institution was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in Fez in 859 CE?

The al-Qarawiyyin mosque and school, listed by UNESCO and Guinness World Records as the oldest continuously operating educational institution in the world.

What three technologies did Johannes Gutenberg combine in Mainz around 1440?

Moveable metal type, oil-based ink, and a wine-style screw press.

Why did moveable type spread faster in Europe than in China and Korea, where it had been invented earlier?

The European alphabet had only a few dozen letters to cast and sort, whereas East Asian scripts required thousands of characters.

What is humanism as understood during the Renaissance?

The belief that human reason, experience, and potential are central subjects of study in their own right.

How does the text define natural rights in the context of the Enlightenment?

Rights held by all people simply by virtue of being human, not granted as a gift by any government or ruler.

What is the social contract?

The idea that government authority rests only on the consent of the governed, and that governments can lose that power.

Who campaigned for smallpox inoculation in Britain in 1721 after observing the practice in the Ottoman Empire?

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.

What did Edward Jenner publish in 1798 regarding vaccination?

An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, reporting that inoculating a boy with matter from cowpox sores protected him from smallpox.

What power shift characterized the Industrial Revolution in Britain starting around 1760?

Coal and steam replaced muscle and water as the primary source of industrial power.

What was the recorded average life expectancy in Manchester during the 1840s compared to rural districts?

Around 26 years in Manchester, compared to roughly 40 years in rural districts.

What was the role of a child piecer in a mechanised cotton mill around 1840?

A nine-year-old child who crawled under moving machinery to join broken threads.

How does the text define deindustrialisation during the Industrial Revolution?

The decline of an existing industry, such as when South Asian handloom textile production collapsed in the 19th century under machine-made British cloth.

What is Khudi, as set out by Allama Iqbal in Asrar-i-Khudi (1915)?

Selfhood, or the self as the origin of all meaningful action, asserting that an individual and community must build an active, confident sense of self.

Who led the agricultural science behind the Green Revolution and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970?

Norman Borlaug.

What negative ecological consequence resulted from the Green Revolution in Punjab?

It pushed farming toward monoculture and caused severe depletion of groundwater.

How does Abraham Maslow's 1943 hierarchy of needs differ from Allama Iqbal's view of the self?

Maslow placed self-actualisation at the top as an endpoint reachable only after survival and safety needs are met, whereas Iqbal placed the self (Khudi) at the very beginning as the foundation of action.