Acid fast bacteria and spirochetes

Mycobacterium is an acid fast bacteria meaning it contains _______ and is ___________

• mycolic acid

• slow growing

Mycobacterium bovis causes ___________

bovine tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a ________ disease that can lie _________ for long periods of time causes ________ lesions on the animal

• chronic

• latent

• pathognomonic

Pathogenesis of mycobacterium starts with multiplication in the _______ and in an immunocompetent animal they have a delayed ____________ and ___________ response

• lungs

• hypersensitivity

• cell mediated

While immunocompetent animals most likely wont die the _________ are still alive and a small amount of them will die

bacteria

In an immunosuppressed animal infected with mycobacterium they will have no __________ and will most likely die

hypersensitivity

M. bovis multiplies in ______________ within the lungs

phagosomes of macrophages

Due to an __________ mycobacterium bovis infection is arrested in immune competent animals

cell mediated immune response

What on mycobacterium stimulates granuloma formation

mycolic acid

Due to the mycolic acid a ____________ forms which is also known as a __________ creating the pathognomonic lesion

• granuloma

• tubercle

Activated macrophages due to mycobacterium infection release ____________ causing _________

• inflammatory cytokines

• cachexia

What are the virulence factors of M. bovis

• mycolic acid

• facultative intracellular parasitism

• mycobactin

• no endo or exotoxin

There are distinct forms of ________ that a mycobacterium can have one known as ________ allows for 2 molecules of mycolic acid to adhere to surfaces and tissues

• mycolic acid

• cord factor

Another form of mycolic acid known as _________ allows for mycobacterium to survive inside a cell and fulfill another virulence factor by being a ____________

• sulfolipid

• facultative intracellular parasite

Host factors of M.bovis are typically caused by the ___________ response of the host to the products of bacteria

hypersensitivity

The best method to diagnose M.bovis in animals is to preform a ____________-

delayed hypersensitivity test

If you were to culture mycobacterium bovis you would find that it is an _______ and has a ________ generation time

• obligate aerobe

• long

What are the 3 ways you could diagnose M.bovis

• acid fast stain

• hypersensitivity test

• PCR of tissue specimen

Mycobacterium bovis resevoir lies within what?

infected animals and humans

The best way to prevent M.bovis in cattle is to use what method?

test and cull

What are the criteria that must be met before you can enact the test and cull method

• obligatory pathogens

• limited species of animals are infected

• spontaneous recovery is rare and treatment is expensive

• causes zoonosis

What diseases meet the criteria to perform test and cull if found in animals?

• bovine tuberculosis

• bovine brucellosis

• equine glanders

What causes complication with preventing spread of M.bovis

• its ability to infect deer and dogs

• its endemic to the population

• vaccination is not effective

What other important mycobacterium species causes johne’s disease

M avium subsp paratuberculosis

What are clinical signs of johne’s disease in cattle

• chronic diarrhea

• emaciation

• proliferative enteritis

Unlike M. bovis, M avium causes no ________ formation and has a long ________ lasting ___

• granuloma

• latent period

• 1-7 years

Spirochetes are _________ bacteria that seek _________ sites

• gram negative

• immunologically privileged

What organisms are spirochetes?

• borrelia

• leptospira

• brachyspira

Borrelia causes ___________ and is transmitted by _________

• Lyme disease

• ticks

What are clinical signs of lyme disease caused by borrelia

• acute fever

• chronic arthritis

• neurologic disorders

A pathognomonic lesion of lyme disease comes from the _____________ from the tick bite

bulls eye rash

Lyme disease is the most common __________ tick borne disease in the USA

zoonotic

What are virulence factors for Lyme disease

• spirochete shape and motility

• genotypic and antigenic variation

• no exotoxin or endotoxin

Lyme disease _________ activate macrophages through TLR2

lipoproteins

The most reliable way to test for lyme disease is through __________ specifically ________

• serological tests

• western blot analysis

What are ways to diagnose lyme disease in a laboratory

• morphology

• motility test

• serologic test

Even after culture spirochetes are difficult to see so they need _____ to visualize like _________stain

• special stain

• silver

What are the problems with diagnosing lyme disease

• tests are not always available

• co infection with other tick borne diseases

Lyme disease has a reservoir in ____ and is transmitted by _____________

• wild rodents

• deer ticks

Lyme disease is endemic in the ___________

eastern costal states

there is a lyme disease vaccine available for _________ only

dogs

What are the two species of leptospira

• interrogans

• biflexa

The pathogenic version of Leptospira is ______ and it causes what clincal signs

• interrogans

• anemia

• icterus

• nephritis

Like lyme disease leptospira is _________

zoonotic

What are the 3 phases of leptospira pathogenesis

1. leptospiremia

2. antibody formation

3. leptospiruria

In phase 3 of leptospira pathogenesis the organisms localize to the _______ and are shed in the ________

• kidney

• urine

Leptospira has a reservoir in ________ like lyme disease

rodents

Leptospira can survive in cool alkaline waters for ____ months

3

Leptospira has a ___ vaccine available but its main problem is the number of ________ the disease has

• bacterin

• serovars

What aspects make a maintenance host of Leptospira

• high susceptibility

• long shedder

• no clinical signs

What makes an accidental host of leptospira

• low susceptibility

• severe disease

What spirochete causes swine dysentery

brachyspira

Brachyspira infects ______ of the large intestine and secretes ________

• crypts

• beta hemolysin

Transmission of brachyspira in swine is __________ from its reservoir of ______

• feco oral

• rodents