memory

daily schedule, names, directions

common memories

having conversations (remembering language, etc), knowing what to do in a restaurant

less common memories

assign meaning to something we are learning

levels of processing theories

t/f memory is not based on how long you spend encoding

true

The process of putting information into your memory so you can remember it later

encoding

memory is based on if

you encode in a meaningful way!!

shallow and deep

2 diff types of processing

rehearse info based on superficial characteristics

shallow processing

rehearse info based on meaningful characteristics

deep processing

deep processing leads to the

best retention

to help memorize something you can use a personal example

self-reference effect

sensory input - sensory memory - attention - short-term memory - encoding & retrieval - long term

Atikinson and Shiffrins model

repeating things to self

matinence rehearsal

doesn’t last very long

retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation

sensory memory

created by your mind

trail of light following a sparkler

brief sensory memory for visual information

iconic memory

average of 4.5 letters remembered

Sperling

how long does it take for memory to fade

1 second

persistence of sound after presentation of auditory stimulus

lasts slightly

echoic memory

capacity for sensory memory

large

duration for sensory memory

short

1 second or less

iconic

a few seconds (approx. 2)

echoic

debatable

purpose

information is actively manipulated here

short term memory

7 plus or minus 2

Miller’s magic number

duration is about 20-30 seconds

short-term memory

grouping information into meaningful bits

chunking

can refer to chunks rather than single pieces of information

millers magic number

anything that needs to be accessed/ not actively thinking about it

long-term memory

memory you are conscious and aware of

explicit

memory you are unconscious of

implicit

personal events and experience

episodic

piece of info/fact/knowledge

semantic

memory for how to recognize

perceptual

memory for how to do certain actions

procedural

out of long term memory to use it

retrieval

straight retrieval

recall

identify correct info

choose correct option

recognition

learning more quickly if exposed to it before

relearning

wanted to understand if memories are stored in one area or multiple

Karl Lashley

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

equipotentiality hypothesis

almond-shaped organ in the limbic system

emotional computer

amygdala

blocked learning of avoidance response in fear conditioning

animal lesions in amygdala

no memory for interpreting of auditory stimuli

can recall what it feels like to feel a certain emotion

human lesions in amygdala

case of h.m

piece of hippocampus removed because of epilepsy

severe memory loss but epilepsy improved

refer to a person’s memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged important events

feels particularly vivid

flashbulb memories

compare person’s memory to reports collected immediately after the event

reported recall

immediately after challenger explosion: 21% report hearing about it on TV

2 ½ years later: 45% report hearing about it on TV

answers change due to outside influences

Neisser and Harsch

why do we associate better memory with events like september 11th?

high emotions - physiological responses triggered (amygdala)

rehearsal - narrative rehearsal hypothesis

memory is _____, not ______!

reconstructive, reproductive

cannot remember events prior to brain damage

retrograde amnesia

cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage

anterograde amnesia

t/f neither retrograde or anterograde amnesia is complete

true

participants view video of car crash

answers of how fast participants think the cars were driving varied on the wording of the question

memory construction errors

may be because you’ve been somewhere similar that’s reminding you of a thing

deja vu

source of memory is forgotten

ex: telling someone a story they told you and repeating it back to them weeks/months later

source amnesia

shown a list of words all describing a central theme or concept

the missing word that ties the list together and is falsely remembered as having been present

critical lure

memory is

dynamic and reconstructive

memory is not a tape recorder means

we do not store info in a memory and then later access that info perfectly

forgetting is

adaptive

why do we forget?

encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure

never learned/ encoded

encoding failure

memory fades as time passes

storage decay

simply cannot get it out

retrieval failure

old info interfering with learning new info

proactive interference

new info is interfering with learning old info

retroactive interference

proactive means

old information interferes

retroactive means

new information interferes

idea that you had traumatic experience and you can suppress/push down these memories

can be false

repression (freud)

memory techniques for remembering large quantities of information

mnemonic devices

memory is better when you space your studying rather than massing it

(i.e., cramming)

spacing effect

memory is better when you take a practice test on information compared to restudying it

testing effect

cramming studying

massed practices

strategy where learning is broken into shorter sessions spread out over days or weeks

spaced practice

spacing appears to provide learners with more accurate

feedback

can lead to an illusion of familiarity

massed practices

study 4 times

study 3 times, 1 practice test

study 1 time, 3 practice tests

testing effect