Topic 5 Apartheid

Apartheid

A system of legalised racial segregation and discrimination

Classified ppl by race & gave power + rights to white South Africans, while forcing other racial groups to live separately with fewer rights and opportunities

Operation Vula

Oliver Tambo plan led by Mac Maharaj in which high ranking members of the ANC in exile were sent to operate undercover in South Africa.

Task = organise underground structures and mobilise members

Quantum Leap Speech

de Klerk’s speech = political organisations unbanned and Nelson Mandela (with other political prisoners) released.

Censorship and emergency regulations removed.

Groote Schuur Minute

Meeting w NP delegation and ANC delegation where both groups committed to end violence and work towards a process of negotiations.

Talks about what to do with prisoners and exiles

Groote Schuur Accord

Signed by NP and ANC to initiate negotiations

Pretoria Minute

ANC announced would suspend armed struggle immediately and temporary peace was established between NP + ANC

CODESA I

Convention for a Democratic South Africa.

Appointed working group to prepare for second convention

Signed the Declaration of Intent

Declaration of Intent

IFP and Boputhathatswana Government did not sign = IFP thought excluded priorities (federalism and regional power of KZN) and did not align with the Zulu monarchy

Boputhathswana Government wanted to remain independent

CODESA II

Failed to reach consensus on majority rule, power sharing and regional powers. Interrupted by violence

Would continue if NP agreed to fence hostels, ban cultural weapons and release political prisoners

Patriotic Front

A broad anti-apartheid alliance to participate in CODESA. Consulted w ANC to adjust to 70% from 66.67% for constitutional decisions to appease the NP. The NP rejected

SABC

South African Broadcasting Corporation. CODESA II resulted in restructuring

COSAG

Concerned South African Group. Consisted of IFP, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei and CP who had been left out of government talks

By-election

An election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections.

Minister Louis le Grange died, a by-election was called for to fill the position

Referendum

A vote to ascertain whether the people support a government policy or not by voting YES or NO.

De Klerk wanted to know whether the white South Africans supported his process of reform. 68.7% voted YES

Third force

Unknown political faction that was accused of being responsible for political violence in SA (ANC accused the NP of supporting)

Sebokeng massacre (1990 July)

30 ANC members murdered by IFP members

Boipatong massacre (1992 June)

49 people killed by IFP mine migrant labourers. After this Mandela broke off talks with NP as he blamed both the IFP and de Klerk (NP)

Bisho massacre (1992 September) 

Unarmed ANC supporters march and protest against the Ciskei Bantustan leader Oupa Gqozo, who ordered his soldiers to open fire.

Judicial Commission of Inquiry

Two commissions requested by Botha (headed by Justices Harms and Goldstone) that revealed the role of SA security force in death squads and ‘dirty tricks’ campaigns

‘Dirty tricks’ campaigns

Covert operations to undermine the anti-apartheid negotiations/movement

Vlakplaas

Farm used as secret headquarters for a death squad (unit C1 & later C10) = tortured, abducted and murdered political opponents.

Eugene de Kock

Askaris

Former anti-apartheid activists (black) who were captured and coerced into helping the third force

National Peace Accord

An agreement between political groups to end political violence & create peace structures

Constituent assembly

A body assembled to draft or revise a constitution

Majority rule

ANC suggested a 66.67% (two thirds majority) on all constitutional matters

A Record of Understanding

Ramaphosa + Meyer concluded a Record of Understanding = next round of talks at the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum

Led to the agreement on a joint coalition, a Government of National Unity and a constituent assembly

Sunset Clause

Joe Slovo.

Plan for temporary power-sharing after the 1994 election = all major parties be part of the government for a few years.

Protected government workers from being removed immediately (end after short time)

The new government (predominantly black) had to work with an Afrikaner bureaucracy bc ANC didn’t have a civil service that could take over

Interim Constitution

A temporary democratic constitution that guided South Africa's transition from Apartheid = creation of GNU

Bill of Rights

LIst of rights and freedoms for citizens

Volkstaat

‘Homeland’ for white Afrikaners demanded at the storming of the World Trade

Center by the Afrikaner Volksfront and the AWB

Interim Constitution of 1993

Temporary legal framework until the elected party could finalise the constitution

Ballot paper

 Voting paper. IFP was added last minute as a sticker

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Restorative justice)

Investigate human rights abuses (1960 and 1994) to reveal the truth about killings, torture, and other violations, allow victims to tell their stories, and give perpetrators a chance to apply for amnesty if they fully confessed.

Goal: promote national healing, forgiveness, and reconciliation.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu = chairperson

Dr Boraine = vice chairperson

Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (1995)

 Act that established the TRC

Human Rights Violations Committee.

Investigated human rights abuses based on statements and evidence

Reparation and Rehabilitation Committee.

Provided victim support based on evidence & recommended to the President what type of reparation and rehabilitation was required to restore their dignity

Amnesty Committee.

Amnesty would be granted if the full truth was told and the crime was for a political objective (however, murders based on a difference of political opinion were NOT granted amnesty).

Criticised for being flawed and unfair

Subpoena

A demand ordering a person to attend a court. Botha refused when subpoenaed for the TRC (over his role in the death squads)

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Inkatha Freedom Party

AWB

Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging. Stormed the World Trade Center w Afrikaner Volksfront to disrupt negotiations

GNU

Government of National Unity (ANC, NP and IFP)

(A gnu is similar to a Wildebeest, and the GNU often represented by a gnu)

Christian National Education curriculum

Old curriculum to be replaced with a relevant curriculum

Tripartite Alliance

ANC, COSATU + SACP