University of Iowa - Human Anatomy - Exam 5

Respiratory system

the structures and organs that function in air distribution and gas exchange

nose

where air is taken in, filtered, and warmed

pharynx

the throat; connects the oral cavity to the esophagus

larynx

where the vocal cords are located

Nares

external openings of the nose

vestibule (nasal)

the "waiting area" just inside the nose

nasal cavity

the entire internal space of the nose, one on the left side and one on the right

median nasal septum

bony structure that divides the two nasal cavities (vomer and perpendicular plate)

deviated septum

where the septum is significantly off-center or crooked, making breathing difficult

conchae

responsible for regulating the airflow through the nasal passages

olfactory receptor cells

what receives chemicals interpreted as smells

paranasal sinuses

air-filled spaces in the skull

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinus membrane

hard palate

anterior roof of the mouth made of bony tissue that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

soft palate

cartilaginous and soft tissue that separates the nasopharynx from the oral cavity

uvula

projection from the soft palate that flips up when swallowing to prevent food and fluid from traveling out the nose

nasopharynx

behind the nasal cavity

oropharynx

behind the oral cavity

laryngopharynx

inferior to the oropharynx

The pharynx

What is a common tube for the respiratory and digestive systems that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus?

glottis

opening into the larynx

epiglottis

cartilaginous flap that covers the glottis when swallowing food

false vocal cords

what forms the wall of the glottis laterally in the larynx

true vocal cords

medially in the larynx that vibrates to produce sound

what are the divisions of the lower respiratory tract?

trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

The trachea extends from the _______ to the ________.

larynx, bronchi

the hilus

where the primary bronchi enter

secondary bronchi

smaller tubes of bronchi

tertiary bronchi

what branches from secondary bronchi

bronchioles

many smaller tubes that branch off from the tertiary bronchi

final branches

terminal branches of bronchioles

alveoli

clusters of sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles

what do alveolar ducts lead to?

alveolar sacs

alveolar and capillary membranes make up the _________ membrane

respiratory

emphysema

a disease characterized by the alveoli becoming brittle and eventually rupturing

what breaks down the surface tension to allow the alveoli to remain open?

surfactant

IRDS (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

in premature babies, caused by the surfactant-producing cells being underdeveloped and the alveoli collapsing

the ___________ separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung, and the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung

oblique fissure

the ___________ separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

horizontal fissure

what forms the thoracic cavity floor?

the diaphragm

ventilation

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

eupnea

normal, resting breathing

diaphragmatic breathing

deeper eupnea breathing that involves movement of the diaphragm

costal breathing

shallow eupnea breathing where only the chest is moving

hyperpnea

forced breathing

passive expiration

the diaphragm and the external intercostals relax, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs and increasing the air pressure in the lungs, causing the air to be pushed out

active expiration

contraction of abdominal muscles and the internal intercostals forcing the diaphragm up and the ribs inward, causing more pressure in the lungs and thoracic cavity, thus forcing more air out

where is the respiratory center located?

in the medulla oblongata

The respiratory center sends impulses to the ______ and _________ __________ to stimulate breathing.

diaphragm, intercostal muscles

tidal volume (TV)

volume of air moved in and out with each resting breath

vital capacity (VC)

the total volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with a maximal breath

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

the volume of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal inspiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

the volume of air that can be expired after a normal tidal expiration

residual volume (RV)

the volume of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration

total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume

common cold

a virus that enters the cells of the upper respiratory tract and spreads by mucous droplets that contain the virus. more than 150 types.

influenza

a virus enters respiratory cells, kills them, and causes inflammation and irritation in the trachea and bronchi

bronchitis

viral or bacterial infection where there is heavy mucous discharge and a persistent cough

strep throat

Cause: bacteria

symptoms: fever, sore throat

Can lead to rheumatic fever is not treated

asthma

compromised airflow during "attacks" due to inflammation, mucous secretion and bronchoconstriction

pneumonia

where fluid builds up in the alveoli

tuberculosis

lung disorder caused by a bacterium that forms a tubercle that breaks apart, spreading bacteria and forming calcified centers that will eventually cause tissue damage

pulmonary fibrosis

lung disorder where contaminants are inhaled, causing cells in the lungs to form fibrous CT, making the lungs less elastic and less efficient

lung cancer

cells exposed to irritants lose control over cell division, thus forming a callus

alimentary canal

the basic pathway of the digestive system

accessory glands

glands that secrete digestive enzymes into the alimentary canal.

examples: salivary glands, pancreas, liver

food processing

process: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

mechanical digestion

manipulation or moving the food in the mouth

chemical digestion

the act of breaking down the food via chemicals

absorption

the act of taking nutrients from the food and transporting them into the bloodstream which primarily occurs in the intestine

buccal cavity

the space between the cheek and teeth on each side

labia

the upper and lower lip. the external boundary of the oral cavity

vestibule (oral)

right inside the entrance of the mouth. the space between the lips and the teeth

what forms the roof of the mouth

hard and soft palates

gingivae

gums; soft tissues surrounding the base of the teeth

tongue

skeletal muscle that manipulates food into a bolus

what is located on the upper surface of the tongue that contains taste buds

papillae

body

the anterior portion of the tongue that is pretty much everything you can see

root (tongue)

the posterior portion of the tongue that's anchored to the floor.

frenulum

what also helps to anchor the tongue; thin strip of tissue along the inferior portion of the tongue. can cause speech problems if it is too short.

salivary glands

produces saliva to clean the mouth and teeth and moistens the bolus-begins chemical digestion

parotid glands

gland on the lateral side of the face, anterior to the ear, and enters the oral cavity at about the 2nd upper molars

sublingual glands

8-20 ducts that empty saliva into the floor of the mouth

submandibular glands

glands on the medial surface of the mandible that empty on either side of the lingual frenulum

teeth

part of the oral cavity that chews food to continue breakdown

root (tooth)

portion of the tooth that is anchored in the bone

crown

portion of the teeth superficial to the bone

enamel

thick, hard, white area on the crown of the teeth. the hardest substance in the body.

dentin

inner matrix of the teeth

pulp cavity

space of vasculature of teeth

root canal

openings where vessels and nerves enter and leave the teeth

gingival sulcus

where the gums meet the teeth; where you floss

incisors

front cutting teeth

cuspids

conical, tearing teeth (canines)

bicuspids

crushing, grinding teeth (2 roots)

molars

3 or more roots that also crush and grind

deciduous

baby teeth

amount of deciduous teeth

20

amount of permanent teeth

32

labial/buccal side

the outer surface of the tooth that faces either the cheek on the lateral aspect or the lips on the medial surface