Food Medicine Exam 2

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering functional foods, nutraceuticals, carbohydrates, proteins, bioactive peptides, lipids, algae, insects, and polyphenols based on Lectures 10-18.

SHIME

Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem; a system that allows researchers to study how human digestive organs function outside of the body.

Functional Food

Foods and food components that provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition for the intended population.

Nutraceutical

A term derived from "nutrition" + "pharmaceutics"; in the US, regulated as drugs, food ingredients, and dietary supplements, but not legally categorized as nutrients nor intended by the FDA to prevent, treat, or cure disease.

Dietary Supplement Ingredients

Ingredients consisting of a mineral, a vitamin, an amino acid, a medical herb, or another botanical.

SCOBY

Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria and Yeast.

Probiotics

Functional foods that provide health benefits beyond traditional nutrition, most commonly containing lactic-acid-producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.

Probiotic BC30

A probiotic strain that remains viable through processing, shelf life, and stomach acid, and can reduce abdominal pain, bloating, and post-prandial gas.

Structure/Function Claim

A type of claim made by food companies describing the role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient intended to affect the structure or function in humans (e.g., "Calcium in yogurt builds strong bones").

Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)

Molecules produced when colon bacteria ferment dietary fiber; they exert an appetite-suppressing effect on the brain and enhance the body's anti-inflammatory capacity.

Taurine

An amino acid used in energy drinks, with meat and fish serving as its best food sources.

Pectin

A water-soluble fiber with the ability to form a gel, naturally found in sources like grapefruits, lemons, oranges, carrots, squash, apricots, apples, guavas, and pears.

Psyllium

A water-soluble fiber primarily utilized as a gentle bulk-forming laxative that relieves both constipation and diarrhea.

$\beta$-glucan

A highly viscous, water-soluble dietary fiber found in barley and oats that decreases blood cholesterol.

Resistant Starch

Starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine and may be fermented in the large intestine, delivering the health benefit of a slow release of glucose.

Lactulose

A synthetic prebiotic disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose that is added to infant formula.

High Intensity Sweetener (HIS)

A category of sugar substitute designated by the abbreviation HIS; closely related to Low Calorie Sweeteners (LCS), Non-caloric sweeteners (NCS), and Non-nutritive Sweeteners (NNS).

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be acquired via the diet.

Complete Protein

A protein source that contains all essential amino acids required by the human body; characteristic of animal sources and soy.

Bioactive Peptides

Specific protein fragments that exert a positive impact on body functions or conditions and may ultimately influence health.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

An animal muscle-based bioactive compound found in every cell of the body that aids enzymes in digesting food; it is destroyed during frying of eggs and vegetables but remains stable when boiled.

Creatine

An animal muscle-based bioactive component that helps synthesize ATP, supplying energy for muscle contractions.

Lysozyme

The best-known antimicrobial protein in egg white; acts as a natural preservative in cheese, wine, and beer, and combats cavity-causing bacteria in dental care products.

Celiac Disease

A medical condition marked by an inability to digest gluten, leading to damage to the villi of the small intestine.

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids (MCTs)

Fatty acids that are absorbed and transported directly to the liver to be burned for energy (e.g., coconut oil).

Polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs)

• _____? have more than one double bond in their fatty acid chain.

• ______? can help reduce bad cholesterol levels.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

An omega-6 group of polyunsaturated fatty acids possessing anticancer potential by reducing the chemical induction of tumors in animal models.

Entomophagy

The practice of eating insects as food.

Chitin

Insect exoskeletons contain ___?, a polysaccharide that naturally boosts poultry's immune system, eliminating the need for antibiotics that go up the food chain into humans.

Macroalgae

____? are often called simply algae. ____? are better known as seaweed. Most are autotrophic.

Resveratrol

A polyphenolic compound found in grapes, wine, peanuts, and berries; it is well absorbed but has low bioavailability due to rapid metabolism and elimination.

Stearic Acid

____? = saturated fat: Saturated fat stearic acid: no effect on blood cholesterol.

Isoflavones

Soybean's bioactive compounds is ___?

Lignan

Phytoestrogens from grains, such as flaxseed.

Phytochemical

A chemical found in plants.

Phytoestrogens

Plant compounds with hormone-like effects in the body.

Naringenin Chalcone

A polyphenol found in cherry tomato skins and grapefruit.

ATP

provides the energy for muscle contractions

Soy fatty acids and soy fiber….

both fibers and PUFA confer health benefits

dietary soybean

_____? (as part of a low saturated fat diet) is associated with modest reductions in total and LDL cholesterol.

Isoflavones

____? Phytoestrogens found in soy products

• _____? contains fiber, which generally helps constipation, but there's little research on ___? effectiveness for constipation.

• _____? lowered cholesterol only in people with relatively high initial cholesterol.

• Flaxseed

____? are in whole grains; not toxic.

Phytates

Higher-___? diets can be beneficial if healthy____? are consumed,

fat

 high-____? diets may be contributing to negative health outcomes.

carbohydrate

____? are present mostly in the outer layers of seeds, and many are heat-labile.

Polyphenols

_____? activities: antioxidant, anti-infective, anticancer, immune system modulation.

Mushroom

Soy food consumers should make sure their____? intake is adequate.

iodine

lower breast cancer rates in China and Japan, with higher ____? consumption, than in Western countries.

soybean

Reduced cancer risk may be due to exposure to phytoestrogens early in life.

phytoestrogens

Phytoestrogens (as in soy isoflavones) mimic ____? activity.

estrogen

Soy nuts: are ___?

high in isoflavones

During digestion, ___? release bioactive peptides

soy proteins

Dark chocolate is rich in ___?

flavonoids

____?: no effect on blood cholesterol.

Saturated fat stearic acid

Palmitic acid: = ____? & Stearic acid: = ____?

saturated fat

____? has a smaller number of antioxidants compared to cocoa

Chocolate

Habitual moderate ____? drinking was associated with a lower risk of CHD in women

coffee

The vegetarian diet was more effective at reducing ____?

LDL ("bad") cholesterol.

_____? - _______? diets appeared equally effective at reducing cardiovascular risk factors. (TWO DIETS)

Low-calorie lacto-ovo-vegetarian and Mediterranean

The _____? diet includes daily wine in moderation.

Mediterranean

Bacteria feed on ______? (complex polysaccharides) and produce flatus, or intestinal gas.

indigestible carbohydrates

The ____? is a large warehouse for bacteria

large intestine

Most probiotic products contain lactic-acid-producing bacteria: ____?

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.

The role of foods has shifted from relieving hunger and providing nutrients to promoting _____?

wellness and reducing disease risk.

In the US, ____? are regulated as drugs, food ingredients and dietary supplements.

nutraceuticals

A nutraceutical is NOT a _____?

nutrient

Nutraceuticals do NOT have patent ____?

protection.

Fortification & enrichment

• Advantage: supplies micronutrients.

• Limitations: fortified foods are not a substitute for a good quality diet, and a specific fortified food might not be consumed by all members of a target population.

• Large amounts of calcium inhibit iron absorption; vitamin C increases iron absorption.

• Americans get only about half the fiber they need.

Three claim types:___? ___? ___?

nutrient/disease claims, health claims, structure/function claims.

Polysaccharides ~ fiber: 3 important functions

1. Dilute caloric content in foods

2. Enhance viscosity & increase fecal weight

3. Growth of LAB enhanced

LCS

???

Low Calorie Sweetener

NCS

???

Non-caloric sweetener

NNS

____?

Non-nutritive Sweetener

___? contains mostly glucose and maltodextrin (a kind of sugar)

Splenda

Artificial sweeteners hurt ___? bacteria.

gut

Amino acids in proteins are joined together by ___?

peptide bonds

___? proteins can be degraded by enzymatic proteolysis into peptide fragments and serve as a source of bioactive peptides.

Milk

For low-birth-weight and preterm infants: whey____?

-dominant formulas.

___?: added to infant formula, especially soy-based formula

Carnitine

____?: found in cartilage and bone; supplements come from pig or cattle trachea, or fish like sharks

Chondroitin

___?: supplements come from the shells of shellfish (shrimp, lobster, crab) or vegetable sources

Glucosamine

GABA (____?): nonprotein amino acid; GABA is a neurotransmitter.

(gamma-aminobutyric acid)

___? brown rice: phytic acid is neutralized; drying does not affect the superior nutritional value from germination.

Germinated

____?: has all essential amino acids in amounts that closely match human requirements

Egg white

___? has 4 groups of proteins.

Wheat

___? does not automatically mean healthier. Many gluten-free processed foods have more added fat and sugar, less fiber, and a higher cost.

Gluten-free

____?: produced during fermentation of soluble dietary fiber by beneficial large intestinal bacteria.

Short-chain fatty acids

____?: mainly from animal sources.

Saturated fats (long-chain)

(long-chain unsaturated): from vegetable oils (corn, soybean, safflower).

Omega-6 fatty acids

___? fats have 1 double bond in their fatty acid chain.

Monounsaturated

____? and ____? can have a positive effect when eaten in moderation, not saturated or trans fats.

MUFAs PUFAs

• _____? have more than one double bond in their fatty acid chain.

• ___? can help reduce bad cholesterol levels.

Polyunsaturated fats (PUFA)

The "essential" fatty acids:

Omega-3: alpha-linolenic acid (EPA & DHA)

Omega-6: linoleic acid

____? : rich in DHA; suitable for vegetarians

Algal extracts

___? oil: very rich in vitamins A & D; toxic in excess.

Fish liver

___? weed is a plant source of omega-3 fatty acid.

Purslane

___? oil reduces cognitive decline or Alzheimer's risk: no evidence as yet

Fish

____? little evidence fish oil helps joint pain or stiffness.

Osteoarthritis:

• ___?consumption cannot meet the body's need for these vital fatty acids.

• ____? ranks high in phytate, so eat it in moderation to prevent mineral depletion.

FLAX