Developmental Human Locomotion: Walking, Running, Jumping & More Chapter 5

What is locomotion?

Moving from place to place using one, two, or four limbs.

What are some forms of early locomotion?

Crawling and creeping.

What defines walking?

50% phasing between the legs, with periods of double and single support.

What is the focus of early walking?

Maximizing stability and balance over mobility.

What changes occur in proficient walking?

Increased stride length, reduced base of support, and pelvic rotation.

What developmental changes occur in walking by age 4?

Essential components of an advanced walk are present, with increased support time and velocity.

What happens to walking patterns in older adulthood?

Stability is prioritized, with increased out-toeing and decreased stride length and speed.

When does running typically begin after walking?

6 to 7 months after walking starts.

What defines running?

50% phasing between the legs, with a flight phase followed by single support.

What are the characteristics of early running?

Focus on stability, arms in high guard, and limited range of motion.

What improvements are seen in proficient running?

Increased stride length, narrow base of support, and trunk rotation.

What factors affect running in later adulthood?

Decreases in stride length, range of motion, and speed.

What is the definition of jumping?

Propelling oneself off the ground with one or two feet and landing on two feet.

What are the early characteristics of jumping?

Jumping only vertically, with limited preparatory movements.

What defines proficient jumping?

Preparatory crouch, both feet leaving the ground simultaneously, and effective arm swing.

What are the early characteristics of hopping?

Support leg is lifted rather than used to project the body, with inactive arms.

What defines proficient hopping?

Swing leg leads hip with full range of motion and oppositional arm movement.

What are the definitions of galloping, sliding, and skipping?

Galloping: forward step on one foot followed by a leap on the other; Sliding: sideways step on one foot followed by a leap on the other; Skipping: alternating step-hops on one foot, then the other.

What are the early characteristics of galloping, sliding, and skipping?

Arrhythmic movements, little arm movement, and short stride length.

What is the first locomotor skill to emerge in early childhood?

Galloping, typically around ages 2-3.

What are rate limiters in locomotion?

Individual constraints that affect the emergence and maintenance of locomotor skills.

What is the TGMD-3?

The locomotor scale assessing skills such as run, gallop, hop, skip, jump, and slide.

What is the significance of the observation plan for locomotion?

It provides a structured approach to assess and analyze locomotor skills.

What role does exercise play in later running?

It can allow seniors to maintain running abilities for years.

What are the characteristics of proficient galloping?

Arms are no longer needed for balance, and movements become rhythmic.

What is a key factor in the development of jumping skills?

Continual growth in body size and strength contributes to quantitative improvements.

What are the two types of locomotion mentioned?

Symmetric (skipping) and asymmetric (galloping and sliding).

What is the importance of balance in locomotion?

Balance is crucial for maintaining stability during various locomotor activities.