Anatomy Lab 1

The Human Organism

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Physiology

Study of the functions of body parts

Gross Anatomy

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of structures with the aid of a microscope

Cytology

Study of the cells of the body

histology

Study of the tissues of the body

developmental anatomy

study of the structural changes which occur from conception to old age

Embryology

Study of developmental changes the first eight weeks of development

Systemic anatomy

studying the structures of the body system by system

Regional anatomy

studying the structures of the body region by region

surface anatomy

studying the external surface of the body and its relation to deeper structures

anatomic imaging

using x-rays, ultrasound, MRI’s and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

Six levels of organization

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Chemical level

composed of atoms and molecules

Atoms combine to form

Molecules

Cell level

made up of cells

similar cells join together to form

tissues

tissue level

groups of similar cells that have a common function

Four types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

organ level

structure composed of at least two types of tissue (usually 4)

organ system level

group of organs that have a common function

Integumentary System

Includes: skin, hair, and fingernails. Forms the external body covering; waterproofs the body; cushions and protects deeper tissues; produces Vitamin D with sunlight; excretes salts in perspiration; regulates body temperature; contains sensory receptors.

Skeletal System

Consists of bones, cartridges, and joints. Supports the body; provides a framework for movement; protects organs (e.g., the skull protects the brain); acts as the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis); stores minerals in the hard bone substance.

Muscular System

Consists specifically of skeletal muscles. To contract or shorten, enabling movement (walking, jumping, smiling, etc.) and maintaining posture.

Nervous System

The body’s fast acting control center. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Detects internal and external stimuli (changes in light, sound, temperature, or oxygen levels); sends electrical signals (nerve impulses) to the central nervous system (CNS); the CNS assesses information and activates effectors (muscles or glands).

Endocrine System

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (female), and testes (male). Glands secrete hormones (chemical molecules) into the blood to travel to distant target organs to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by cells.

Cardiovascular System

Heart and blood vessels. Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste (carbon dioxide); heart acts as a pump; white blood cells and chemicals protect the body from invaders.

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. Returns fluid leaked from blood back to the bloodstream; lymph nodes cleanse the blood and house white blood cells for immunity.

Respiratory System

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; gas exchange occurs through the thin walls of the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs).

Digestive System

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum. Accessory Organs: Liver (produces bile to break down fats), salivary glands, pancreas (delivers digestive enzymes). Breaks down food; delivers nutrients to the blood; reabsorbs water; eliminates undigested residue as feces.

Urinary System

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra. Removes nitrogen-containing wastes (e.g., urea, uric acid) from blood; maintains water and electrolyte (salt) balance; regulates acid-base balance of blood and blood pressure.

Reproductive System

Male: Testes (produce sperm), scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system.

Female: Ovaries (produce eggs/ova), uterine tubes, uterus (site for fetus development), and vagina.

Produces offspring

Anatomical Position

body erect, arms at sides, palms forward, feet together and flat on the floor

Organism Level

Highest level of organization, made up of all the systems.

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eye

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Otic

Ear

Buccal

Cheek

Mental

Chin

Clavicular

Collarbone

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Anterior surface of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm of hand

Digital

Finger

Cervical

Neck

Pectoral

Chest

Sternal

Brestbone area

Mammary

Breast area

Abdominal

Anterior trunk inferior to ribs

Umbilical

Bellybutton

Pelvic

Area overlaying the pelvis anteriorly

Inguinal

groin

Pubic

genital region

Coxal

Hip

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

Anterior knee

Crural

Anterior leg (shin)

Fibular

Lateral part of leg

Talus

Anterior ankle

Dorsum

Top of foot

Cranial

Skull

Occipital

Base of skull

Nuchal

Back of neck

Acromial

Top of shoulder

Olecranon

Back of elbow

Dorsum

Back of hand

Scapular

Shoulder blade region

Vertebral

Area of spinal column

Lumbar

Posterior area between ribs and hips

Sacral

Area between hips at base of spine

Gluteal

Buttock

Perineal

Between pubic area and coccyx

Popliteal

Posterior knee area

Sural

Calf

Calcaneal

Heel of foot

Plantar

Sole of foot

Abdominal quadrants

4 subdivisions: Right upper, Left upper, Right lower, Left lower

Abdominal regions

9 subdivisions: Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, Right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

Superior

Above/closer to head: Frontal region is ____ to nasal

Inferior

below/further from head: umbilical is ____ to sternal

Anterior

Towards Front

Posterior

Towards back

Proximal

Closer to an attachment point

Distal

Further from an attachment point

Lateral

Away from midline: otic region is ____ to the nasal region

Medial

Toward the midline: sternal ____ to axillary

Superficial

Towards surface

Deep

Away from surface

Cephallic

head

Caudial

further from head (Not an important term)

Sagittal Planes

divide the body into right and left portions

Midsagittal (median)

Right down the middle

Parasagittal

Closer to one side or another

Frontal (coronal) planes

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

transverse planes

Divide the body into superior and inferior portions