AFF Lab Excretion and Urinalysis

composition of plasma and body tissue fluid

primary function of kidneys is regulating...

blood plasma

in the formation of urine, kidneys regulate (1) volume of... by adjusting water amounts excreted in urine

electrolytes

in the formation of urine, kidneys regulate (2) the concentration of...

nitrogenous metabolic waste products in plasma

in the formation of urine, kidneys regulate (3) the concentration of...

pH

in the formation of urine, kidneys regulate (4) the... of the plasma

glomerular filtration, tubular absorption, and tubular secretion

3 basic processes that make urine

dietary intake and physical activity

the composition of urine varies from time to time because of differences in...

fluid intake, environmental temperature, relative humidity, respiratory rate, and body temperature

the volume of urine the kidneys produce varies with such factors as...

1000-2000 mL

an adult with average fluid intake voids between... of urine each day

urinalysis

observing the physical characteristics of a urine sample and testing for the

presence of certain organic and inorganic substances

90 mL... cool

in the urinalysis, collect at least ... of urine and store in a ... place

3 hours after a meal

the best time for collecting a urine sample is...

2 hours

the sample should not be older than...

abnormal substances

First samples in the morning are least likely to reveal... in the urine

urochrome (aka urobilin)

normal urine varies from pale yellow to dark amber depending on the presence of...

decomposition of hemoglobin

urochrome (aka urobilin) is produced during the...

hemoglobin --> heme --> biliverdin --> bilirubin --> urochromogen (aka urobilinogen) --> urochrome (aka urobilin)

pathway of the production of urochrome (aka urobilin)

diet, concentration, and medication

the color of a healthy person's urine may vary depending on...

pigments

... in certain foods may be excreted in urine and alter color

darker

the more concentrated the urine, the... the color

color

some medications may affect the... of urine

clear

fresh normal urine should be... but may become cloudy after standing

bacteria, epithelial cells, fat droplets, inorganic ions, or mucus

... may make urine cloudy

mucin secretion

cloudiness is not necessarily an

indication of disease and sometimes results from... from the urinary tract lining

mucus, WBC, and epithelial cells... precipitate of phosphates

All urine tends to become cloudy after aging a few hours and is partially due to settling of... and... formed as urea is converted to ammonia by bacteria

dietary intake

odor of urine varies with...

ammonia

aged urine has the odor of...

ammonium carbonate

the odor of ammonia comes from... that is made from bacterial decomposition of urea

acidic

pH of normal urine is most commonly slightly...

diet

most variation in urine pH is related to...

lower

Individuals who mainly eat meat often produce urine with a... pH

specific gravity

the relative weight (g/mL) of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled

water

dissolved solutes

since urine and plasma contain..., they weigh more than water

leukocyte, nitrite, albumin/protein, bilirubin, blood, glucose, ketones

urine typically does not contain...

ammonium ions, urea, urobilinogen

urine typically contains...

phagocytosed

any albumin that does pass into the filtrate is readily... back into the blood

bilirubin reaction

atypical colors on the Color Chart may indicate that bilirubin-derived bile pigments are present in the urine sample and are possibly masking the...

reabsorbed from the filtrate

when the blood level of glucose is very high, it spills into urine because glucose carriers are saturated, and excess glucose cannot be...

urea

... is the major nitrogenous waste of humans and is the principal solute in urine

proximal convoluted tubule and the medullary collecting ducts

passive reabsorption (between 40-60%) occurs in the...

increased protein uptake... impaired renal function

urea values increase in response to... and values decrease in...

bilirubin

plasma is normally yellow or straw-colored due to the presence of...

bruises and jaundice

bilirubin is also responsible for the yellow color in...

transparent

plasma is relatively...

elevated lipids

plasma can be opaque at times usually due to...

metallic, musky, or fishy

the odor of plasma has been described as...

chemical buffers, the respiratory system,

and the renal system

pH of arterial blood is tightly regulated by...

leukocyte, nitrite, ammonium ions, blood

plasma typically does not contain...

albumin/protein, glucose, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin

plasma typically does contain...

albumin

the most abundant of plasma proteins and functions reversibly as an acid or a base to act as a buffer in regulation of blood pH

osmotic pressure of blood

albumin is also the major protein to maintain... where increased viscosity prevents fluid from entering from outside the capillaries

globulins

... are blood proteins that are important for the immune system

fibrinogens

... are blood proteins that are responsible for blood clotting

blood glucose

ketone levels are tightly linked to...

ketones

when blood glucose levels are either low or very high (out of the clinical range), ... are produced because of fatty acid metabolism

blood urea nitrogen test

urea levels in blood are obtained via a...

mg/dL... mmol/L

BUN test results are measured in... in the United States and in... internationally

age, kidney function, dehydration, and certain medications

urea levels depend on...

colon... intestine

urobilinogen is formed by bilirubin in the... and 1/2 is reabsorbed into the circulation from the...

portal venous circulation

the urobilinogen that is reabsorbed by the intestine is mostly removed from... and excreted again into the bile as only a small amount typically reaches systemic circulation

simple squamous

... makes up a portion of the filtration membrane and nephron loop

pseudostratified columnar

... lines a portion of the urethra

transitional epithelium

... is found from the ureter through the urinary bladder and most of the urethra

stretch... recoil

transitional refers to an organ's ability to... when distended and... when empty

700-800 mL

the urinary bladder can hold... of urine when full

when urinary bladder is empty... when urinary bladder is filling/stretching

the epithelium of the urinary bladder transforms from stratified cuboidal (...) to stratified squamous (...)

puffy... flat

in the epithelium of the urinary bladder, some surface cells are... (cuboidal) and others are... (squamous)

simple cuboidal epithelium

the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are similar because they both are lined with...

brush border... microvilli... absorbed/secreted

the proximal convoluted tubule has a... made of... to increase surface area so more items can be...

longer, more coiled and fatter

the proximal convoluted

tubule is... in diameter

shorter, less coiled and smaller

the distal convoluted tubule is... in diameter

fat and fuzzy... smaller and have a distinct plasma membrane lining the lumen

the field is filled with many proximal convoluted tubules that are... and fewer distal convoluted tubules that are...

proximal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

glomerulus

transitional epithelium