Vertebrate endoskelton

Cartilage

Soft; flexable; no minerals; avascular/no blood

Bone

Harder; Not flexible; Mineralized; Vascular

ossification

Bone formation; Intramembranous (inside) or dermis of the skin; dermal and visceral bone do this

Limb and Bone analogy

Some limbs and bones look simular in different animals but are anaolgous

Axial Skeleton

Skull, Ribs, Vertebrae, Sternum, Hydroid

Appendicular skeleton

Limbs, Pectoral Scapluar and Clavicle(collar bone), Pelvic Ilium, ichium and pubis

Endochordral

Bone formation where bone replaces cartilage

Somatic origin Bones

Most the skeleton, Endochondral ossification

Visceral origin bones

From phylaxial bars, Edochondral ossification, Earbones, part of the trachea, hyoid, small parts of the skull

Dermal origin bones

Most of the skull, clavical; intramembranous ossification

Somatic skull bones

Support the base of the brain; Temporal bone, occipitcal bone, ethmoid bone, Spehnoid bone

Visceral skull bones

Part of Sphenoid bone, Part of temporal, hyoid bone, Ear ossices: incus, Malleus, Stapes

Dermal skulll origin

Most of the skull

Skull bone patterns

Sphenoid and temporal bones are visceral, dermal, and somatic; Occipital is dermal and somatic

Jaw bones

Upper is maxiulla, Lower is mandible, Both are dermal and visceral

Hard plate

Devides the nasal and oral cavity; Key to mammals

Arch anatomy

Arch (cartilage, mesoderm); pouch (insde,endoderm); cleft (outside ectoderm); Lumen, space inside;

Evolution of Arch 1 Upper

Palatoquadrates in sharks; Quardrate in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds; incus in mammals

Evolution of Arch 1 Lower

Meckels cartilage in sharks; articular in fish, amphibains, reptiles and birds; mallus in mammals

evolution of Arch 2 upper

Hyomandibula in sharks and fish; columella in amphibians, reptiles, and bird; stapes in mammals; first ear bones

Spiracles

Holes anterior to eyes that allows breathing in benthic chondrithese

Mammalian ear origins

Cleft 1 is from arches; Malleus, incus, and stapes

Jaw to ear evolution

Quadrates and anticular turned into ear bones; Maxilla and madible are bones, mandible and temporal bones are now joints