AP EURO UNIT 2

Absolutism

A political system in which a single ruler holds complete and unlimited power over a country, free from legal, legislative, or electoral checks.

the Fronde

A series of civil wars in France during the childhood of King Louis XIV, marked by challenges from nobles against the growing power of the royal government.

Cardinal Mazarin

Italian prelate and chief minister to Louis XIII and Louis XIV, known for solidifying royal absolutism and negotiating significant treaties for France.

Bishop Bossuet

A master orator and tutor to Louis XIV's son, known for advocating the Divine Right of Kings and supporting the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

Divine Right of Kings

A doctrine stating that a monarch receives the right to rule directly from God, not from the people or other institutions.

Mercantilism

An economic theory asserting that a nation's power depends on maximizing its wealth through a favorable balance of trade.

Louis XIV policy vis-a-vis nobles

A policy aimed at stripping nobles of political power while granting them social prestige, requiring them to reside at Versailles.

Louis XIV economic and religious policies

Policies driven by Jean-Baptiste Colbert focusing on favorable trade, domestic industry, and the 'One King, One Law, One Faith' doctrine.

James I

King of England known for uniting the Scottish and English crowns and commissioning the King James Bible, who believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

Charles I

King of England who ruled without Parliament for eleven years, leading to personal rule and the English Civil War.

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England, advocating for a simpler worship and well-educated ministry.

Royalists/Cavaliers

Wealthy supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, who faced losses but regained power after the monarchy's restoration.

Roundheads

Supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War, led by Oliver Cromwell, who favored parliamentary control over the monarchy.

Oliver Cromwell

English military leader who overthrew the Stuart Monarchy and ruled as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth.

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

Philosopher who proposed the Social Contract Theory, advocating for strong centralized authority to prevent civil disorder.

Causes of the English Civil War

Includes tensions between Divine Right and Parliamentary power, personal rule by Charles I, religious conflicts, and rebellions.

Effects of the English Civil War

The execution of Charles I, establishment of the Commonwealth, and eventual restoration of the monarchy with limited power.

Causes of the Glorious Revolution

James II's Catholicism, attempts to expand royal power, and the fear of a lasting Catholic monarchy led to his overthrow.

Effects of the Glorious Revolution

Strengthened constitutional monarchy, offered the crown to William and Mary, and implemented the English Bill of Rights.

William and Mary

Joint monarchs who accepted the English Bill of Rights after the Glorious Revolution, reinforcing limits on royal power.

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government

Pioneering work that rejected absolute monarchies, emphasizing government based on natural rights and the consent of the governed.

Social Contract

The idea that legitimate government arises from an agreement among the people to form a political authority that protects natural rights.

English Bill of Rights

Legislation that established limits on the monarchy, strengthened Parliament, and outlined specific rights of citizens post-Glorious Revolution.