Fundamentals Of Human Energy Transfer

ATP-PCr system

Immediate system (first 10 seconds)

Does the ATP-PCr system need oxygen?

No

Anaerobic Glycosis

Fast ATP supply, 10seconds -2min

Does Anaerobic Glycosis need oxygen?

No it uses carbs

What might form from Anaerobic Glycosis?

Lactate may form

Oxidative System

Slow ATP system, 2+ minutes

Does the Oxidative System need oxygen?

Yes and it uses all the macros

Does aerobic activities require oxygen?

Yes

Does Anaerobic activities require oxygen?

No

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can’t be created or destroyed but only transformed from one form to another

What is potential energy?

Energy of position

What is kinetic energy?

Energy of motion

What is an exergonic reaction?

reaction that releases energy

What is an Endergonic reaction?

Reaction that absorbs energy

2nd Law of thermodynamics

Tendency of potential enrgy to convert into kinetic energy with low capacity of work

What happens to energy if it is not used?

All the potential energy goes down into unusable form of kinetic energy or heat

What are the 6 forms of energy?

Chemical, mechanical, heat, light, electric, nuclear

what is mechanical work?

Muscle contraction

What is chemical work?

Synthesizing cellular molecules

What is transport work?

Concentration of substances in intracellular and extracellular fluids

What factors effect bioenergetics?

Enzymes, mode of action, reaction rates, coenzymes

What is an enzyme?

Protein catalysts that speed up rates of reaction

What is a reaction role?

Operation roles of enzymes

What is a mode of action?

How an enzyme interacts with its specific substrate

What is a coenzyme?

Complex non-protein substance that facilitates enzyme action by binding the substrate with the enzyme.

What is ATP? and how much does the body store at once?

Adenosine triphosphate and 80-100g

What part of the cell is used to produce ATP in aerobic activities?

the Mitochondria

What part of the cell is used to produce ATP in anaerobic activities?

the cytosol

What is phosphorylation?

Energy transfer through ATP phosphate bonds to other compounds

What is Oxidation?

Biologic burning of macronutrients providing the energy required for phosphorylation

What does OILRIG stand for?

Oxidation involves loss, reduction involves gain

What gets removed when carbs and fats are broken down?

Hydrogen and electrons

Where does the hydrogen and electrons go when removed?

They get picked up by NAD+ and FAD

What does NAD+ and FAD make?

These make NADH and FADH2

What does NADH and FADH2 do?

They carry electrons to the electron transport chain.

How much synthesis happens in the electron transport chains?

90% of synthesis

What is the first prerequisite to synthesis?

Availability of the reducing agents NADH and FADH2

What is the second prerequisite to synthesis?

Presence of terminal oxidizing agent as oxygen

What is the third prerequisite to synthesis?

Sufficient quantity of enzymes in the tissues to make energy transfer reactions start at the correct rate

What 6 releases of energy happen from food?

Triacylglycerol and glycogen, blood glucose, free fatty acids, anaerobic reactions, amino acids, phosphorylation

What is anaerobic glycolisis?

Fast Carb breakdown in 10 steps, and results in 2 pyruvate and lactate- (only when NADH oxidation happens at the wrong pace)

What is aerobic glycolisis?

Slow carb breakdown, and coverts pyruvate into the acetyl-coA, then into the citric acid cycle

What is the first step of lactate shuttle?

Lactate circulates from fast twitch muscles into slow twitch to convert into pyruvate.

What is the second step of lactate shuttle?

Goes to acetyl-coA for aerobic energy metabolism

What is the 3rd step of lactate shuttle?

goes to the liver to synthesize into glucose

What is phase one of pyruvate entering the citric acid cycle?

In the mitochondria- the citric acid cycle generates H+ during the acetyl-coA breakdown

What is phase 2 of pyruvate entering the citric acid cycle?

ATP regenerates when the H+ oxidizes through electron transport (oxydative phosphorlyation)

How many ATP can 1g of carbs produce?

32 ATP

What matters more in high intensity exercise, capacity or rate?

Rate

What happens to fat oxidation when there is not enough carbs?

It reduces Fat catabolism and decreases pyruvate production which slows down the citric acid cycle.

What is the most plentiful source of potential energy?

Stored Fat

What is the first source of fat catabolism?

triacylglycerol stored directly in the muscle close to the mitochondria

What is the second source of fat catabolism?

Triacylgylcerols in lipoprotein become hydrolyzed on the tissues capillary endothelium

What is the third source of fat catabolism?

Adipose tissue provides circulating free fatty acids