Vaccine Chart

What are the two main effects of growing microbes in changing media or environmental conditions?

It alters microbial characteristics and can lead to loss of virulence factors, making the microbe less able to cause damage.

What does a vaccine typically contain?

Inactivated 'dead' microbes, inactivated bacterial toxins, or purified microbial antigens.

How do purified microbial antigens work in vaccines?

Sugars from bacterial surfaces are attached to a carrier molecule, which stimulates the immune system.

What is the role of lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines?

They encapsulate mRNA, delivering it safely to the cells.

What are the positives of using vaccines?

They mimic actual infections, usually result in long-term immunity, are incapable of infecting the host, and are safe with no chance of disease or severe reactions.

Can vaccines be reformulated to match new strains?

Yes, reformulation can be quickly done by changing the sequence of the vaccine.

What is the example of an MMR vaccine?

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine.

What is the HPV9 vaccine?

Human papillomavirus vaccine that helps prevent certain cancers.

What is a major negative aspect of using weakened microbes in vaccines?

There is a slight chance that weakened microbes can mutate back to a virulent form.

What are some negatives associated with antigenic molecules in vaccines?

They can trigger severe negative reactions and immunity may be short-lived.

How often do some vaccines require boosters?

Boosters are required for life, and longevity of protection is uncertain.

What can reduce booster effectiveness in some vaccine recipients?

An immune response to the vector used in the vaccine.