Week 1 review for Pathophysiology

for the week 1 quiz

Etiology

study of causes/reasons for phenomena

 Idiopathic

cause is unknown

Latrogenic

cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

Risk factor

increase's the likely hood that you will encounter the disease ( may not cause the disease) \n example: sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet are risk factors for hypertension

Pathogenesis

the evolution of a disease from the beginning to the end

Symptoms

subjective feeling; things that a patient is describing to you but you cannot see \n ie. headache, pain

Signs

objective or observed manifestation of disease \n ie. fever

Syndrome

a set of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease

1st latent period

time from when you are first exposed until first signs and symptoms appear

 2nd latent period?

when signs and symptoms temporarily disappear

Prodromal period

time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear

Subclinical stage

patient functions normally; disease processes are well established

Acute clinical course

short-lived; may have severe manifestation

Chronic clinical course

may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course

Exacerbation

increase in severity, signs, or symptoms

Remission

decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured

Convalescence

stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

Sequela

subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness

 The stages and clinical course

Exacerbation  \n Remission  \n Convalescence  \n Sequel

Validity (accuracy)

degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure

 Precision (reliability)

ability to give the same results in repeated measurements

Predictive value

extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a persons condition

Sensitivity

Probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition

Specificity

probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition

Cultural considerations

each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience

How are age and biological factors linked?

what may be healthy at one age may not be healthy at another.  \n example: newborn heart beat compared to an adults heart beat

Time variations

may impact how the body responds from day to night, or at varying times

Situational differences

determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or adaptation mechanism

Gender differences are both

relevant in health and disease

Epidemiology

the study of how diseases are distributed

Endemic 

native to a local region \n ex. Ebola

Epidemic 

spread to many people at the same time \n ex. seasonal flu

Pandemic

spread to large geographic areas \n ex. COVID

List the factors affecting patterns of disease.

\-age  \n -ethnic group  \n -gender \n -socioeconomic factors/lifestyle considerations  \n -geographical location

List the levels of prevention

Primary  \n Secondary  \n Tertiary

Levels of prevention: Primary

altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons \n ex. vaccines

Levels of prevention: Secondary

early detection, screening, and management of disease. NOT preventing you from getting it but trying to catch it early. \n ex. pap smear, BP screenings

Levels of prevention: Tertiary

rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning following disease \n ex. meds after a heart attack

Homeostasis

a state of balance in which the body's internal environment remains in the normal range

What is homeostatic response?

when homeostasis is threatened your body will respond in a predictable way

Allostasis

works to regain/maintain homeostasis

Stress

physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body or mind

List the parts of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

\- Alarm reaction  \n - Stage of resistance  \n - Stage of exhaustion

Who came up with the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Hans Selye

What is the alarm reaction?

flight-or-fight response due to stressful stimulus; sympathetic nervous system

What is the stage of resistance?

the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis

What is the stage of exhaustion?

point where body can no longer return to homeostasis

Allostatic overload

"cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response

Stressors

agents or conditions that can produce stress and endanger homeostasis (physical, chemical, emotional, biological, social, or cultural)

Risk factors pt. 2

not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor

What are the two catecholamines and what do they do?

__epinephrine__ and __norepinephrine__; play an integral role in allostasis

What are the two adrenocortical steroids and what do they do?

__cortisol__ and __*aldosterone*__; critical to maintenance of homeostasis

What are the effects of stress response.

\- influenced by genetics

\- culture, prior susceptibilities

\- preexisting health status

\- allostatic state

\- ability to mange stress

Adaptation

biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin

Coping

behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms

Distress

perceived inability to cope with a stressor

Hydropic swelling

cellular swelling due to accumulation of water; Na+ and K+ pump is not working properly

Intracellular accumulations are characterized by what 3 things?

\-accumulation of excessive amounts of normal intracellular substance  \n -accumulation of abnormal substances from faulty metabolism or synthesis \n -accumulation of pigments or particles that cell is unable to degrade

Atrophy

decrease in cell size

What are the general causes of atrophy?

\-disuse  \n -denervation  \n -ischemia  \n -nutrient starvation  \n -interruption of endocrine signals  \n -persistent cell injury

Hypertrophy

increase in cell mass due to increased physiological or pathophysiological demand

What is the general cause of hypertrophy?

increased cellular protein content

Hyperplasia

increase in cell # due to mitotic division

Why does hyperplasia occur?

usually in response to increased physiologic demand or hormonal stimulation

What are other causes of hyperplasia?

persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells

Metaplasia

replacement of one differentiated cell type with another; fully reversible

What is the common cause of metaplasia?

adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious stimulation

Dysplasia

disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement

List the four types of tissue necrosis.

\-coagulative  \n -liquefactive  \n -fat necrosis  \n -caseous necrosis

 Ischemia

not getting enough oxygenated blood to tissue

Coagulative necrosis (most common type)

is a process that begins with ischemia and ends with degradation of plasma membrane. ex. Heart

Liquefactive necrosis

\-occurs with dissolution of dead cells \n -formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue

ex. Brain

What is fat necrosis and what does it appear as?

death of adipose tissue; appears as a chalky white area of tissue

Caseous necrosis

characteristic of lung damage secondary to tuberculosis; resembles clumpy cheese

Gangrene

cellular death (necrosis) in a large area of tissue

Gangrene results from?

interruption of blood supply to a particular part of the body

Wet gangrene is a form of 

liquefactive necrosis

Where is wet gangrene typically found?

internal organs

Can wet gangrene be fatal?

Yes

What is gas gangrene a result from?

infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (clostridium)

Gas gangrene is characterized by what?

formation of gas bubbles in damaged muscle tissue

Can gas gangrene be fatal?

Yes

Apoptosis

programmed cell suicide

Tissue hypoxia is most often caused by?

Ischemia, causes power failure in the cell

Nutritional deficiencies may result from?

\-Poor intake  \n -Altered absorption  \n -Impaired distribution by circulatory system  \n -Inefficient cellular uptake

What are some common causes of malnutrition?

\-Poverty \n -Chronic alcoholism \n -Acute and/or chronic illness \n -Self-imposed dietary restrictions \n -Malabsorption syndromes

Chemical injury

toxic chemicals or poisons can cause cellular injury

What are infections and immunologic injuries caused by?

bacteria and viruses can injure cells in a variety of ways depending on its virulence

What factors can cause physical and mechanical injury?

\-Extremes in temperature \n -Abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure \n -Mechanical deformation \n -Electricity \n -Ionizing radiation

What are two factors the cause cellular and molecular damage?

\-progressive decline in proliferation and reparative capacity of cells  \n -exposure to environmental factors

Somatic death

death of the entire organism

Neoplasia

new growth

What does neoplasia imply?

new growth; abnormality of cellular growth/tumor

Four characteristics of a malignant tumor?

\-grows rapidly  \n -may initiate tumor vessel growth  \n -frequently necrotic  \n -dysfunctional

What are the 5 characteristics of a benign tumor?

\-More closely resembles original tissue type \n -Grows more slowly \n -Little vascularity \n -Rarely necrotic \n -Often retains original function

"-oma" suffix indicates what?

benign tumor (adenoma)

"-carcinoma", "-sarcoma" indicate what?

malignant tumors

Carcinoma have what type of origin?

epithelial

Sarcoma have what type of origin?

mesenchymal (nerve, bone, muscle) origin

What are the two types of carcinogens?

\-Initiator (causes genetic damage \n -Promoter (promotes tumor growth)