Chapter 9 Notes

Articulaltion

joint, place of contact where a bone meets bone, cartilage, or teeth

Mobility

varies from immobile to wide rage of motions

Stability

articular shape affects mobility and stability

More mobility

less stability

Fibrous Classification

anatomically - no synovial cavity, bones held together by collagen fibers

Cartilaginous Classification

anatomically - no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage

Synovial Classification

anatomically - synovial cavity, bones separated by fluid

Synarthroses Classification

physiologically - immobile joints (most stable)

Amphiarthroses Classification

physiologically - slightly mobile joints

Diarthorses Classification

physiologically - freely mobile joints

Fibrous Joint

collagen-filled, no joint cavity, most immobile/slightly mobile

Gomphoses

fibrous joint in teeth to maxilla and mandible - synarthrosis

Sutures

fibrous joint between skull bones - synarthrosis

Syndesmoses

fibrous joint between parallel bones (radius and ulna/tibia and fibula) - amphiarthrosis

Cartilaginous Joints

bones attached by cartilage, no joint cavity

Synchondroses

cartilaginous joint, bones joined by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate) - synarthrosis

Symphyses

cartilaginous joint, bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis) - amphiarthrosis (more common)

Synovial Joints

freely mobile, reduces friction and shock with articular cartilage - diarthroses (ligaments, joint cavity, etc)

Articular Capsule

includes two layers, the outer fibrous layer and the inner synovial membrane

Fibrous Layer of Articular Capsule

dense regular connective tissue that strengthens joint

Inner Synovial Membrane of Articular Capsule

secretes synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes articular cartilages and absorbs shock

Articular Cartilage

covered by hyaline cartilage, prevents bone to bone contact during compression of joint

Articular Disc

pads of fibrocartilage between articular surfaces (menisci) - allows movement and stability at joint

Ligaments (Synovial Joints)

dense regular connective tissue, connect bone to bone, strengthen and reinforce capsule

Nerves (Synovial Joints)

signal (pain - nociceptors) when joint is over stretched

Blood Vessels (Synovial Joints)

nourish tissues in the joint

Tendons (Synovial Joints)

not part of joint, dense regular ct, connect muscle to bone

Bursae

sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, and or bones rub

Tendon Sheaths

elongated bursae around tendons, in confined areas where tendons rub each other (wrist/ankle)

Anatomical Synovial Joint Classes

classified by shape of articulating surfaces

Physiological Synovial Joint Classes

classified by number of movements allowed

Uniaxial

bones move in only one plane

Biaxial

bones move in two planes

Multiaxial

bones move in more than two planes

Planar Joints

permit gliding movements, nonaxial, articulating surfaces flat or slightly curved (least movement of synovial joints)

Hinge Joints

convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface on another, angular, opening and closing motion, uniaxial, one fixed bone while the other moves

Pivot Joints

round/pointed surface of one bone articulates with ring formed partly by another and partly by a ligament, uniaxial (only around longitudinal axis)

Condyloid Joints

convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another bone (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction), biaxial (ex: wrist)

Saddle Joints

articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the other bone sits into the saddle depression, biaxial

Ball-and-Socket Joints

ball like surface of one bone fits into cuplike depression of another bone (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation), multiaxial (femur and acetabulum of hip bone)

Gliding Motion

articular surfaces sliding back and forth or side to side; occurs mainly in plane joints (between carpals)

Angular Motion

angle between bones change (flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction)

Flexion

decreases angle between bones, brings closer together

Extension

increases angle between bones, back to starting point/ straightening

Hyperextension

excessive extension past anatomical position

Lateral Flexion

tilt to one side

Abduction

moves bones away from midline

Adduction

moves bones towards midline

Circumduction

distal end of structure being moved in a circular motion, combines the fundamental movements

Rotational Movement

bone turns along longitudinal axis (medial and lateral rotation, pronation vs supination)

Pronation

inward rotation of bone

Supination

outward rotation of bone

Special Movement

paired movements, only in specific joints (depression/elevation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, and opposition)

Dorsiflexion

at ankle joints, pointing foot up

Plantar Flexion

at ankle joints, bringing foot down

Inversion

intertarsal joints, turn sole towards inward towards midline

Eversion

intertarsal joints, turns soles outward away from midline

Protraction

moving bone outwards such as pushing jaw out

Retraction

returning back to normal position, moving jaw back

Opposition

ability to touch thumb with another finger

Temporomandibular Joint

head of mandible and mandibular fossa/articular tubercle, diarthrosis (hinge,plane), includes loose articular capsule and articular disc

Intervertebral Articulations

amphiarthroses between vertebral bodies, including intervertebral disc. diarthroses between superior and inferior articular processes, including ligaments

Sternoclavicular Joint

diarthrotic saddle between manubrium of sternum and sternal end of clavicle, elevation/depression/circumduction (ligaments include, anterior and posterior sternoclavicular, costoclavicular, interclavicular)

Acromioclavicular Joint

diarthrotic plane between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula, gliding of scapula on clavicle (ligaments include acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular)