Anatomy netter atlas questions

What is the term of relationship for further from the head ?

Caudal (inferior)

Term of relationship for nearer to the front:

Ventral (anterior)

Which plane divides the body into superior/inferior?

Transverse

In what fields are planes used clinically?

MRIs, CT scans…

What is the meaning of Ipsilateral ?

On the same side of the body.

What is the opposite movement to Dorsiflexion ?

Plantarflexion

Which term describes the palm facing the ground?

Pronation

The 3 types of epithelium based on shape:

Squamous, Cuboïdal, Columnar.

Which are the 2 extra-specialized types of epithelium?

Pseudostratified , and Transitional.

Which type of epithelium lines the GI system?

Simple Columnar

Which type of epithelium lines oral cavity, oesophagus…

Stratified squamous

What is the term for epithelial cancer ?

Carcinoma

What is the term for tumors of the connective tissues and muscles ?

Sarcoma

What are the 2 major groupings of connective tissue ?

Connective tissue proper / specialized connective tissue

Which fibrous elements compose connective tissue ?

Collagen, Elastic and Reticular fibers.

Which are the principal cells of the immune system?

Lymphocytes

What do plasma cells do ?

Secrete immunoglobins, and are derived from lymphocytes.

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton ?

134

What is the particularity of the hyoid bone ?

Does not articulate with other bones

What are the main 2 types of bones ?

Compact and Spongy

What is the most common type of cartilage ?

Hyaline cartilage

Most common bone disease ?

Osteoporosis

What are the 3 main types of joints ?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial.

Which type of joint do sutures belong to ?

Fibrous joints

Which type of joint do intervertebral discs belong to ?

Cartilaginous

Which disease is characterized by the progressive loss of articular cartilage and failure to repair ?

Osteoarthritis

What type of joint is the articulation between the thumb and the trapezium carpal bone?

Ball and socket

Example of a saddle joint ?

Hip / Femur

What is synovial fluid ?

A filtrate of blood.

What is the role of synovial fluid ?

Lubricates the joint

What is the name of the fibrous sac that cushions tendons, as muscle passes over a joint?

Bursa/bursae

How is inflammation of the bursae called ?

Bursitis

Most complex and vulnerable joint in humans ?

Knee joint

3 main types of muscles ?

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Composition of skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle > Fascicles > Fibers > Myofibrils > Myofilaments

What do we call the muscle’s moveable or distal attachment ?

Insertion

What is the name of a broad flattened tendon ?

Aponeurosis

The 5 different conformations of skeletal muscle ?

Fusiform, Quadrate, Flat, Circular, Pennate

3 forms of pennate muscles ?

Unipennate, Bipennate, and Multipennate

Definition of Fusiform?

Thick in the center and tapered ends.

Example of multipennate muscle?

Deltoid

What is the technique used to test muscles by electric stimulation ?

ElectroMyoGraphy (EMG)

What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system ?

Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What is included in the CNS?

Brain and Spinal Chord

In which part of the brain is the thalamus ?

Diencephalon

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for VISUAL INPUT?

Occipital

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for LANGUAGE?

Temporal

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for TASTE?

Parietal

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for personality modalities ?

Frontal

How is a network of peripheral nerves called ?

Plexus

What are the 4 major plexuses ?

Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Lumbosacral

Which plexus innervates shoulders and upper limb muscles?

Brachial plexus

Which plexus innervates muscles of buttock, pelvis, and lower limbs.

Lumbosacral

Which plexus has its roots between L1 and L4 ?

Lumbar plexus

What is expressive aphasia ?

Impaired motor speech

What is receptive aphasia ?

Impaired understanding of spoken language

Largest organ of the body ?

The Skin.

What is the mass of skin in relation to total body mass?

15%

Which are the 2 main layers forming the skin?

Epidermis and Dermis

Which layer of the skin is outermost ?

Epidermis

Outermost to innermost which are the layers of the Epidermis?

Stratum : Corneum > Granulosum > Spinosum > Basale

How is the loose connective tissue layer beneath the Dermis called ?

Hypodermis

What skin appendages can be found in the dermal layer ?

Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands, and hair follicles.

What are the major collections of body cavities ?

Dorsal/Ventral

Dorsal cavities include :

Brain, meninges, spinal chord.

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity ?

Respiratory Diaphragm

Membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord (outermost to innermost) ?

Dura mater (thick and tough) > Arachnoid mater (web-like) > Pia mater (delicate, transparent) > Brain

Where does the heart reside ?

Pericardial sac

How is the single midline space between 2 pleural cavities in the thoracic cavity called ?

Mediastinum

What is pleura?

Serous membrane of the thoracic cavity

Which pleura encases the lungs ?

Visceral pleura

Which pleura line the thoracic walls ?

Pariétal pleura

Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity ?

Peritoneum

How is drainage of fluid from the pleural sac called ?

Thoracentesis

How is drainage of fluid from the pericardial sac called ?

Pericardiocentesis

How is drainage of fluid from the peritoneal cavity called and what is the tool used to perform it?

Paracentesis, done with a hypodermic needle.

How’s the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) also called?

Superficial fascia

What are the particularities of deep fascia ?

Much thinner, no fat, extends throughout the body.

What is the function of retinacula ?

Holds muscles and tendons in place

What is inside the bursae formed by the deep fascia ?

Synovial fluid.

What type of tissue are bones considered as ?

Connective tissue.

What allows bones to be a significant reservoir for calcium ?

The matrix is mineralized with calcium phosphate giving it a hard texture.

Which layer does compact bone form ?

Outer layer of the bone

Where is spongy bone found?

In epiphyses and métaphyses of long bones.

What is spongy bone ?

Cancellous bone containing a mesh work of thin trabeculae.

What is the diaphysis?

Shaft of the bone

What is the epiphysis ?

Extremities of the bone (covered with articular cartilage)

What is the metaphysis?

Part of the bone lying between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, location of bone growth.

What is the marrow cavity ?

Central portion of the shaft, contains bone marrow (stem cells that produce blood cells).

How does bone formation occur?

By deposition of osteoid (matrix) that later becomes calcified and by resorption of bone.

What 3 types of cells participate in the bone formation process?

Osteoblasts (bone laying), Osteocytes (bone maintaining), Osteoclasts ( bone remodeling)

Which large cells enzymatically dissolve bone marrow?

Osteoclasts.

What is an osteon ?

Cylindrical unit of bone.

How is an osteon composed ?

A central canal ( neuro vascular bundle) surrounded by - concentric lamellae of bone matrix and - radially oriented canals containing the processes of osteocytes.

Which vitamin is necessary for the normal absorption of calcium by the small intestine ?

Vitamin D

How is a fracture w8th multiple fragments called ?

Comminuted

Fracture along a suture line:

Diastasis

Name the 2 parts found on the temporal bone

Squamous and Petrous

How do we call the lateral aspect of the skull where frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones converge ?

The pterion

Which vascular structure lies between the inner aspect of the bones (forming the Pterion ) and the dura mater ( covering the brain )?

Middle meningeal artery.