Microbio chapter 1 Tricky

Bacteria

• Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

• Single or multi-celled?

• What kind of membrane?

• What are cell walls made of?

• How does it divide?

• Uses what for energy?

• Level of disease/benefit?

• Prokaryotic

• Single-celled

• nuclear membrane

• peptidoglycan

• Binary fission

• In/organic chemicals OR photosynthesis

• Can cause disease AND be beneficial

Archaea

• Pro or eukaryotic?

• Lacks what in cell walls and has what instead?

• Lives in what environments?

• Level of disease/benefit?

• Prokaryotic

• Lacks peptidoglycan, has pseudopeptidoglycan in walls

• Lives in EXTREME environments

• NOT known to cause disease in humans

Algae

• Pro or eukaryotic?

• What are cell walls made of?

• Uses what for energy?

• What does it produce?

• Multi or uni cellular?

• Major source of what?

• Eukaryotic

• Cellulose

• Photosynthesis

• Oxygen + organic compounds

• Can be multi OR uni-cellular

• Food

Protozoa

• Euk or prokaryotic?

• Uni or multi cellular?

• Ingests what?

• Stationary or mobile?

• Lives where?

• Eukaryotic

• Uni-cellular

• organic chemicals

• Mobile

• Lives in water and animal hosts

Fungi Characteristics

• Pro or eukaryotic?

• Cell walls made of?

• What kind of membrane?

• Uses what for energy?

• What kinds are multicellular?

• Which one is unicellular?

• Eukaryotic

• Chitin

• Nuclear membrane

• organic chemicals

• molds and mushrooms multicellular

• yeast unicellular

Recombinant DNA Technique + Steps

Breaking of DNA molecules and inserting the same into another DNA to obtain a desired DNA

1. Plasmid is cut open and DNA you want is inserted in that opening

2. Now plasmid is a recombinant plasid (a plasmid w dna from another source)

3. This new plasid is put in a bacterial cell AKA transformation

4. Bacteria can read inserted gene and express it to make protein

Hooke

Discovered cell theory: All living things are composed of cells and come from pre-existing cells.

DISCOVERED CELLS

Van Leeuwenhoek

Father of microbiology because he DISCOVERED MICROBES

Redi

DISPROVED the theory of spontaneous generation when maggots and flies did not arise from rotting meat in a sealed jar

Needham

FAMOUS FOR BEING WRONG, poured broth into an unclean flask, so organisms arrived (supposed spont gen)

Spallanzi

DISPROVED NEEDHAM by doing experiment in clean broth and no microorganisms arised.

Pasteur and ALL his contributions

• Microorganisms are in the air

• Microbes (yeast) are responsible for fermentation

• Pasteurization: heats liquid to kill bacteria

• Rabies Vaccine

Germ Theory

Diseases are caused by ‘germs’ (microbes)

Tyndall

Dust has microorganisms

Cohn

heat resistant bacteria produce tough structures (ENDOSPORES) to survive

Semmelweis

HANDWASHING in between patients

Lister

CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS in surgery wounds

Nightingale

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES in NURSING

Koch and his 4 postulates

• SPECIFIC MICROBES CAUSE SPECIFIC DISEASE

1. same organism is present in every case of disease, but is not in healthy individuals

2. organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown as a pure culture.

3. isolated organism should cause the disease when inserted in host

4. organism must then be re-isolated from the diseased animal

Hesse & Petri

Hesse- Agar

Petri- Petri dish

Lady Montagu

Injecting people with a milder form of a disease helps protect against the disease

Jenner

VACCINES

Snow

FIRST EPIDEMIOLOGIST

Flemming

Penicillin

Miller

Organic molecules can come from inorganic molecules

Endosymbiotic Theory

Organelles in eukaryotic cells were originally prokaryotic bacteria

RNA world hypothesis

before DNA existed, RNA was the genetic system

Focal Length, relation to magnification

distance between center of lens and focal point. (↓ Focal Length ↑ Magnification)

Resolution and its 3 factors

Refers to the lenses ability to distinguish between two points a specified distance apart.

Factors:

• ↓ distance ↑ resolution

• Determined by objective lens and wavelength

• ↓ wavelengths ↑ resolution

Refractive Index

measures of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light (↑ RI ↑ resolution)

Brightfield Microscope

• dark image on a bright background

• lens uses a solid cone of light on the sample, light is absorbed

Dark-field microscope

• bright objects on a dark background

• lens uses a hollow cone of light on the sample

• good for unstained specimens

Phase contrast

• living, unstained cells

• Transparent specimens

• produces a hollow cone of light