AP Human Geo Unit 2

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area.

physiological density

the number of people per unit of area of arable land

agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit area of farmland

crude birth rate

the number of live births yearly per 1,000 people in a population

crude death rate

the number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a population

infant mortality rate

the total number of deaths per year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births

natural increase rate

the percentage by which a population grows in a year

doubling time

the time required for a population to double in size

life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live

Malthusian theory

the theory that population grows exponentially (faster) and the food supply grows linearly (slower)

positive checks (Malthusian theory)

checks that increase death rate

preventive checks (Malthusian theory)

checks that lower birth rate

Borsupian theory

the theory that starvation motivates people to improve and invent farming methods (more people, more solutions)

cornucopian theory

the theory that food production keeps pace with population

total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman will have

push factor

a factor that induces people to leave old residences

pull factor

a factor that draws or attracts people to another location

intervening obstacle

challenges migrants encounter on the way to their desired destination

intervening opportunity

opportunities migrants encounter on their journey which may affect their ultimate destination

Ravenstein's 1st Law of Migration

the majority of people who migrate only travel a short distance

Ravenstein's 2nd Law of Migration

migration proceeds step-by-step (or in stages)

Ravenstein's 3rd Law of Migration

long-distance migrants typically head to major centers of commerce and industry (large urban areas)

Ravenstein's 4th Law of Migration

each main current of migration produces a compensating counter-current (or counter-flow)

refugees

migrants who flee their homes and cross national borders to find safety (from persecution)

rapid growth (pop. pyramid shape)

looks like a pyramid with high fertility and high mortality rates

slow growth (pop. pyramid shape)

looks like a rectangle with low fertility and low mortality rates

negative growth (pop. pyramid shape)

looks upside down with extremely low fertility and death rates

emigration

the movement of individuals out of an area

immigration

the movement of individuals into an area

asylum seekers

people who seek refugee status in another country

internally displaced persons

people who have been displaced within their own countries

chain migration (voluntary)

one person's migration can lead to further migrations among friends/family

step migration (voluntary)

migration that occurs in stages (moves to point C before point B)

internal migration (voluntary)

people who migrate within the borders of a country

guest worker migration (voluntary)

a temporary form of migration in which people travel to a new country to work for a specified amount of time

transhumance migration (voluntary)

people who migrate because that's their way of life

transnational migration (voluntary)

migrants who move but simultaneously retain strong ties to people at home (send remittances)

rural-to-urban migration (voluntary)

people moving from rural regions to more industrialized and urban regions

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries (emigration)

the ecumene

the permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface

carrying capacity

the maximum number of people that an environment can support

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

human factors

culture, economics, history, politics