A&P Exam II: Blood

What makes up the cardiovascular system

1. Blood

2. Heart

3. Blood Vessels

What is the fluid component of the cardiovascular system

Blood

What tissue is blood

Fluid connective tissue

What is the matrix of blood called

blood plasma

What does the cardiovascular system do

Provide a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, and cells

What are the functions of blood

1. Transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes

2. Regulate pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids

3. Restrict fluid loss at injury sites

4. Defend the body agains toxins and pathogens

5. Regulate body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat

Whole Blood Composition

Blood Plasma (55%) + Formed Elements (45%)

Formed Elements Composition

• Red Blood Cells

• White Blood Cells

• Platelets

Blood Plasma Composition

Water (92%) + Solutes (8%)

Plasma solutes composition

Plasma Proteins (7%) + Other Solutes (1%)

Plasma Proteins

• Albumin

• Globulins

• Fibrinogen

• Regulatory Proteins

Other Solutes in plasma composition

• Electrolytes

• Organic nutrients

• Organic waste

Plasma Proteins synthesized in the liver

• Fibrinogen

• Albumin

• Globulins

Plasma proteins synthesized by B lymphocytes

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

What plasma protein is the most abundant?

Albumin

What plasma protein is a major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma

Albumin

What plasma protein aids in blood clotting

Fibrinogen

What plasma protein is involved in the binding of ions, hormones, and other compounds

Globulins

What plasma protein attacks foreign proteins and pathogens

immunoglobulins

What formed element contains oxygen carrying proteins

Erythrocytes

What formed element is involved in immune responses

Leukocytes

What formed element helps to stop blood loss

Platelets

Hematocrit

percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Normal Hematocrit values

• Female: 37-47%

• Male: 40-54%

Anemia

Lower than normal number of red blood cells

Polycythemia

Abnormally high percentage of RBC, may be 65% or higher

What does polycythemia cause?

Higher viscosity of blood and resistance to flow, heart must work harder

Process of blood cell formation

hematopoiesis

What is the primary site for blood cell formation

Red bone marrow

What gives rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes?

Myeloid stem cells

What gives rise to lymphocytes

Lymphoid stem cells

Increase number of Red Blood Cell precursors

Erythropoietin

Increases production of platelets from megakaryocytes

Thrombopoietin

Stimulate White Blood Cell production

Colony Stimulating Factors

Function of Red Blood Cells

Carries oxygen

What is the oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells

hemoglobin

How many Red Blood Cells does a healthy male adult have?

4.5-6.3 million RBC/mm3

How many Red Blood Cells does a healthy female adult have?

4.2-5.5 million RBC/mm3

Lifespan of a Red Blood Cell

120 days

Why is the shape of a RBC important?

Allows them to stack, bend, and flex so they can travel more efficiently

What formed element lacks nuclei and other organelles?

Red blood cell

What does a Red blood cell membrane contain that acts as antigens and account for various blood types?

Glycolipids

What makes up hemoglobin?

Globulin + Heme

What shape is globulin

Quaternary shape

What makes up globulin

2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains

Iron containing pigment in hemoglobin

Heme

Releases Nitric oxide which causes vasodilation

Heme

AA mutation in beta chain of Hb, the RBC become still and curved; RBC become fragile and stuck in capillaries

Sickle Cell Anemia

Insufficient iron which causes blood loss or low dietary source

Iron deficiency anemia

Inadequate amounts of vitamin B12 which causes lack of intrinsic factor

Pernicious anemia

What bones does erythropoiesis occur in?

• Flat Bones

• Irregular bones

• Epiphyses of long bones

erythropoiesis speeds up in the presence of what?

EPO

Erythropoiesis requires and adequate supply of what which is obtained from the diet and absorption in the intestines?

B12

Stages of RBC maturation

1. Proerythroblast

2. Basophilic Erythroblast

3. Polychromatophilic Erythroblast

4. Normoblast

5. Reticulocyte

6. Mature Red Blood Cell

At what stage can RBC start making hemoglobin?

Erythroblast

At what stage does a RBC lose it’s nucleus?

Reticulocyte

At what stage does a RBC enter into circulation?

Reticulocyte

RBC maturation is controlled by what kind of feedback?

Negative feedback

Hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency

• Have nuclei and other organelles

• Do not contain hemoglobin

• Defend the body against pathogens

• Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells

• Are capable of amoeboid movement and positive chemotaxis

• Some are capable of phagocytosis

Leukocytes

Granular WBC definition

Have granules in the cytoplasm

Types of Granular WBC

1. Basophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Neutrophils

First phagocytes at site of infection

Neutrophil

Specialize in attacking bacteria

Neutrophils

Attracted to antibody marked molecules

Eosinophils

Release cytotoxic enzymes to destroy parasitic worms

Eosinophils

Sensitive to allergens

Eosinophils

Migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin

Basophils

Inflammatory response

Basophils

Agranular WBC

Lack granuales

Types of Agranular WBC

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

Migrate back and forth between bloodstream and tissue to populate the lymphatic system

Lymphocytes

Enters peripheral tissue and becomes a macrophage

Monocytes

Aggressive phagocytes

Monocytes

Secrete substances that attract fibroblasts to form scar tissue

Monocytes

Types of Lymphocytes

1. B-Cell Lymphocytes

2. T-Cell Lymphocytes

3. NK Cells

Carry out immune surveillance

NK Cells

Detection and destruction of abnormal tissue cells

NK Cells

Important in preventing cancer

NK Cells

Attach to and destroy a foreign cell & Release cytotoxic chemicals to kill the invaders

T Cell lymphocytes

Manufacture and pour antibodies into the bloodstream

B-Cell lymphocytes

Antibodies attach to and help destroy foreign antigens

B Cell lymphocytes

Uncontrolled division of abnormal leukocytes

Leukemia

Inadequate number of WBCs (Less than 4,000)

Leukopenia

Excessive numbers of WBCs (More than 10,000)

Leukocytosis

What produces granulocytes and monocytes?

Bone marrow stem cells

What do granulocytes and monocytes divide to create?

Progenitor Cells

What does M-CSF stimulate the production of?

Monocytes

What does G-CSF stimulate the production of?

Granulocytes

What does GM-CSF stimulate the production of?

Both Granulocytes and monocytes?

What does Multe-CSF do?

Accelerate the production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets & RBCs

What are disc shaped elements without nuclei?

Platelets

What are 2000-3000 fragments of megakaryocytes?

Platelets

How long do platelets circulate for?

9-12 days

Function of platelets

help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels by forming a platelet plug

The stoppage of bleeding

Hemostasis

Three phases of Hemostasis

1. Vascular Phase

2. Platelet Phase

3. Coagulation Phase

A clot is a network of:

1. Insoluble Protein Fibers (Fibrin)

2. Trapped formed elements of blood

Coagulation Factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form…

A Clot