Chapter 6 - Energy in Ecosystems

What is Energy?

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

• What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

• Transforming energy is not 100% effiecent.

What is Potential Energy?

• What is Kinetic Energy?

Stored Energy

• Energy in Motion

Energy transfer through organisms occurs through _________, where each step loses energy.

• Fill in the Food Chain Energy Flow: _______ → _________ → _________ →__________

Consumption

• Solar Radiation → Plant → Herbivore → Carnivore

Solar Radiation is the main source of _________ ________.

• Explain how this energy is made on the sun.

Ecosystem Energy

• Nuclear fusion of hydrogen and helium

Which portion of Electromagnetic Radiation is visible to humans and absorbable to plants?

• What effects can higher EM radiations (e.g. UV, X-rays) have on organisms?

Visible Light

• Damages cells

Which kind of UV light is associated closely to with visible light and can often cause sunburns?

• _____ and ______ are the more harmful types of UV lights that are mostly blocked/filtered by the __________.

UVA

• UVB; UVC; Ozone layer

What does Solar Radiation Infiltration determine?

• Melting Ice _______ reflectivity which ________ heat absorption in the ocean disrupting climate.

How much solar radiation makes it to the ground.

• reduces; increases

What is Productivity?

• Organisms that can make their own energy are called…

Organisms putting their energy to work

• Primary Producers

Define the 2 types of Primary Producers

1. Photosynthetic: Converts solar radiation to chemical energy

2. Chemosynthetic: Converts chemical energy to organic substances

_________________ is the total amount of energy converted to biomass by producers over time.

• _________________ is the remaining amount of energy in producers after expending it on their own biological functions.

Gross Primary Production

• Net Primary Production

Explain why a Desert, Tundra, or a Rocky biome would have a lower Net Primary Production mean than a Tropical Rainforest or a Swamp?

Colder or Arid biomes that lack soil would have a lower NPP mean than a biome with Warmer tempuratures and abundant nutrients.

_______________ defines the organisms that consume external sources of nutrients for energy.

• Explain the 10% rule when it comes to energy passing through the trophic levels of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Consumers?

Secondary Productivity

• Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next

List and Briefly define the 4 types of consumers.

1. Herbivore: the primary consumers

2. Carnivore: secondary and higher consumers

3. Omnivore: consumes plants and animals

4. Detrivore: decomposes dead organic matter

An ______ ______ is where an external influx of energy comes that enhances productivity in a ecosystem.

• What are 3 things that keep a ecosystem highly productive?

Energy subsidy

1. Water

2. Climate

3. Nutrients

Explain the 2 sources nutrients can come from.

1. Decomposers that break down organic matter and releases nutrients back into the ecosystem.

2. External sources such as rivers, floodplains, and marshes

Explain the 2 sources nutrients can come from.

1. Decomposers that break down organic matter and releases nutrients back into the ecosystem.

2. External sources such as rivers, floodplains, and marshes

Due to Bog Wetlands lack of nutrient subsides, the plants are suited for _______ which compensates for nutrient poor soils.

• Which Bog Plant has a pitfall trap with digestive enzymes and downward hairs to prevent insect from escaping?

Canivory

• Pincher Plant

What is a Source and a Sink?

• The movement of organisms from source to sink habitats is called…

Source: Area with high productivity and biomass. Sink: Area with a low productivity and biomass

• Outwelling

What are the consequences of Outwelling

• About __% of energy is absorbed by plants from solar radiation

Decreased Population and Increased Mortality

• 5%

Where do Chemosynthetic Food Chains occur?

• Explain the Symbiotic Relationship between the Tube Worm and Sulfur-oxidizing Chemosynthetic Bacteria.

Deep Ocean Zones volcanic activity that releases sulfur compounds.

• Tube Worms hosts the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The Bacteria supplies Tube Worm with converted sugars in turn for shelter and nutrients