biology lab quiz 2

Diffusion

The process by which substances move from high concentration to low concenttration

Diffusion moves from high to low concentration until…

the area contains equal amounts of substance

Osmosis

Type of diffusion that occurs in all cells

Osmosis is a type of diffusion that…

Involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Semi Permeable Membrane

Allows the passage of certain substances(in this case water)

Semi permeable Membrane allows the passage of substances…

But prevents the passage of others (w/ large molecules e.g Sugar)

Isotonic

EQUAL amounts of dissolved substances equaling conc of water

HYPERtonic

MORE dissolved substance than solution inside cell membrane

HYPERtonic solutions usually….

Contain less water and thus water moves across membrane INTO solution (out of cell)

HYPOtonic

LESS dissolved substance than solution inside cell membrane

HYPOtonic solutions contain…

More water and thus water moves from solution across the membrane (into cell)

What effect does HIGH temp have on the rate of diffusion?

INCREASES the rate of diffusion

What effect does LOW temp have on the rate of diffusion?

DECREASES the rate of diffusion

What type of relationship does weight have with the rate of diffusion?

Inverse relationship

What effect does LOW molecular weight have on the rate of diffusion?

Diffusion INCREASES

What effect does HIGH molecular weight have on the rate of diffusion?

Diffusion DECREASES

What effect did the contact solution (0.9% NaCI0 have on the red cells? Why?

Has no effect because it is a isotonic substance (NaCi)

What effect did the 10% NaCI have on the red cells? Why?

It caused the red cells to shrink because the substance is hypertonic

What effect did the water have on the cells? Why?

It caused the cells to burst/swell because the substance is hypotonic

How will syrup bags placed in water react?

It will INCREASE in weight

How will water bags placed in syrup react ?

It will DECREASE in weight

What substance diffuses in osmosis?

Water bags placed in syrup: Water diffuses out of the bag hence decreasing water bag weight

Syrup bags placed in water: Wtaer diffusesin the bag increasing the syrup bag weight

What effect did the membrane have on the diffusion of the syrup molecules?

The membrane acted as a barrier that prevented the syrup molecules from diffusing out of the.bag

Why did the bags change weight?

The bags changed weight because water moved across the membrane (osmosis), adding or removing mass from inside the bag.

What effect did the 10% NaCI have on the carrot? Why?

When a carrot is placed in a 10% $\text{NaCl}$ (salt) solution, it becomes limp, soft, and flexible (flaccid), and it will lose weight and shrink.

What effect did the water have on the Elodea cells? Why?

When Elodea cells are placed in pure water, they become extremely firm and turgid (plump and rigid). Under a microscope, you would see the green chloroplasts pushed tightly against the inside edges of the cell walls.

Proteins

protein is a large, complex macromolecule made up of one or more long chains of amino acids.

Carbohydrates (sugars and starch)

Made of one (monosaccharide) or two (disaccharide) sugar molecules. They digest quickly and provide rapid energy. Examples include glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose

Lipids (fats/oils)

Lipids are a broad, diverse group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble in water (hydrophobic) but soluble in organic solvents

Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acids are large, naturally occurring biomolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information in all living cells and viruses

PH: Neutral

Neutral pH refers to a pH value of 7 (at standard room temperature).

PH: Basic

A basic (or alkaline) solution is defined by a pH value greater than 7 on the pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14. (low acidity)

PH: Acid

An acid is defined as a substance that produces a pH value less than 7 when dissolved in water. (high acidity)

How did we test for the four macromolecules?

By getting the nutritional value of macromolecules

Using sugar and starches, proteins

Measuring PH substance

What (should of) happened when antacids were added?

PH levels increase,bubbling, color changing

What are enzymes?

Protein

How do enzymes work?

What are the characteristics of a reaction involving enzymes?

Substrates, products, active sites, catalyze

Substrates..

The substances that are acted upon by enzymes

Products..

The substances that result from the reaction

Active site…

The area where the enzyme and its substrate bind to one another by forming chemical bonds

Catalyze

To speed up a biochemical reaction by using a specialized molecule

What did the enzyme, Amylase, do to starch?

It is able to break down starch into sugar.

Amylase

An enzyme that is normally active outside of the cell and is found in saliva. And breaks down starch

What variables affected the rate of the reaction?

-Temperature (high temp, high reaction, low temp, slow reaction)

-PH level (if environment is acidic or too basic it can change the enzyme shape)

-Enzyme concentration (adding more enzyme increases reaction rate)

-Substrate concentration (Adding more substrate speeds up reaction until saturation is reached)

What is photosynthesis?

The conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose and oxygen.

How is energy stored in glucose released?

Via anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration…

(no oxygen present) Energy is released when glucose is broken down (glycolysis) into 2 pyruvate mol and is captured in ATP for later use by the cel

Aerobic respiration..

W/ oxygen present, much more energy is released, & is pyruvate completely broken down via krebs cycle. The released energy is transferred via NADH mol, to electron transport chain. And producing water and atp.

Glycolysis

An anaerobic process, doesnt require oxygen, splitting glucose into two pyruvates

ATP

Principle energy source for reactions in living cells

Fermentation

a metabolic process where cells convert carbohydrates (like glucose) into acids, gases, or alcohols without using oxygen

What did the elodea do to the introduced CO2 in investigation 1?

Elodea absorbed and consumed the C02 from the water to perform photosynthesis.

How does sodium azide affect the electron transport chain? (investigation 2)

Sodium azide is a potent metabolic poison. It blocks the electron transport chain. By halting the electron transport chain, the cell can no longer perform aerobic respiration or produce ATP efficiently, shutting down cellular energy production.

Which tube produced the most CO2?

The tube containing a simple, easily digestible sugar (like glucose or fructose) produced the most CO2 because yeast can rapidly metabolize simple sugars.

What did the yeast do?

Yeast cells performed alcoholic fermentation (an anaerobic process). They consumed sugars provided in the test tubes and converted them into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas CO2