Habsburg Empire

Bukovina

A newly invented territorial unit between Transylvania and the Kingdom of Galicia. Didn’t have an established native landowning nobility so there was nobody to challenge Habsburg authority

Carinthia

Heredity land that Habsburgs exercised direct fiscal, administrative, and judicial authority over

Catholicism

The long-established religion of the Habsburg dynasty was used as a legitimizer through the lens of Apostolic succession.

Joseph’s censorship for clergy and promotion of religious practice as a personal issue made the Catholic church angry

Carlsbad Decrees

censorship decrees enacted by the German Confederation meant to emphasize imperial authority and deter revolutionary thought, speech, or behavior

Censorship

Joseph II made radical changes to censorship laws continuing in Maria Theresa footsteps (she had removed censorship responsibility from the Catholic church. Academic works were encouraged to be published without questions even when criticizing Joseph’s policies.

Census

Recorded and categorized the different groups under Habsburg rule, slightly contentious because its records did not account for the intricacies and asterisks of language use, self-identification, and continuous migration across diverse groups and was carried out by the military which resulted in hostility from local populations

Cisleithania

Western half of the dual monarchy, this was also the kingdoms and lands that were represented in Parliament

Civil Law Code

Reform that was concerned with the peasant as a “free individual”

Compromise/Settlement 1867

restored Hungary’s 1848 April Laws, gave Hungary full independence in domestic issues, resulted in Habsburg being the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, common military, foreign policy, and financial arrangements. Both Places became a constitutional monarchy, but they had different caveats and administrators

Crown of St. Stephen (Istvan)

Crown that Franz Joseph received after the Settlement of 1867 that embodied the ancient Hungarian nation

Czernowitz/Chernivtsi

Capital of Bukovina. Had a university that was founded in 1875 that displayed the early elaborations of the dual monarchy’s civilizational mission to the East. Furthest East capital of the Crownlands

Dalmatia

Coastal (agricultural) crownland that was made more accessible by the ships of Austrian Lloyd Company, as land travel was difficult because it was surrounded by impassable mountainous terrain. Still experienced mass poverty

Despotism

Hasburgs believed in absolute centralized power as the means to reform. They refused to share power with the nobility and thought that the promotions of social institutions and growth needed to be accomplished through a strong centralized power.

Dual Monarchy

The 1867 unification of Austria-Hungary under complete Habsburg control but still being checked by a constitution. Hungary was defeated but it still is a “win” because the monarch’s power is being checked.

Dynasty

the classification for Habsburg’s long extended hereditary rule

Emperor Ferdinand

Francis I’s son. Created a power vacuum which increased political stagnation that led to revolutionary behaviors by different nationalist movements and the anger of otherwise patriotic subjects

Empress Elizabeth

Helped improve the dynasty’s tarnished reputation. Popular amongst Hungarians as she made attempts to learn their language, employ aristocrats in her retinue, and her favorable attitude toward the national cause

Field Marshall Joseph Radetsky

Manipulated the powerful potential of the railroads to change the outcome of the 1848 revolutions. Also defeated the King of Piedmont which was seen as a victory against foreigners.

Frankfurt Parliament

Assembly that was interested in negotiating German political unity and develop a unified Germany. Thing Palacky declined to attend

Frantisek Palacky

Bohemian historian that declined to attend the Frankfurt Parliament because he did not view himself as German (He said he was a Czech Slav). Concerned for the integrity of Austria and that German unification might threaten it.

Franz Joseph I

Came into power after the 1848 revolutions. Was concerned with the unity of the empire. Under him the monarchy was stabilized by creating Austria-Hungary. His rule was characterized by the absolutism of the 50s, and the liberal policy there after

General Education Requirement

Established by Maria Theresa for children of both sexes in 1774. Standardized public school attendance and content for lower class subjects

German Empire

Result of German nationalism and efforts to make an independent unified Germany

Holy Roman Empire

The Empire that the Habsburgs ruled from Frederick III ascension to the throne in 1442 to its dissolution in 1806 used Religion as legitimizer.

Honved

Hungarian military that used Hungarian as the language of command. Military service after the reform offered benefits to the peasant and working-class including pay, medical care, food, and some technical training

Hungarian April Laws 1848

Hungary’s constitution that established Hungary as an independent constitutional kingdom with a Hungarian cabinet and Parliament restrained non-Hungarian nationalism, centralized power, and presented civil rights to certain groups (ethnic Hungarians). Reestablished in 1867

Kremsier Constitution 1848/9

Kremsier Parliament was a diet that convened during 1848 (included many crownlands but not Hungary) A draft for the Austrian Empire that was concerned with local political participation. Concerned with Austrian unity but also tried to address revolutionary behavior by conceding autonomy to many nationalities while still maintaining a constitutional monarchy

Lajos Kossuth

Founding editor of a Hungarian language newspaper. Hungarian revolutionary that called for a separate Hungarian elected parliament, the creation of a constitution that applied to the rest of Habsburg territory, the taxation of nobility, and policies that enfranchised the peasant and middle class

Moravia

Traditional land of the Bohemian crown, contained peasant rebellions in the 1770s because of a growning sense of freedom and disregarding of local authorities because of the imperial military’s presence

Nagodba

Gave Croatia limited administrative and cultural autonomy under the Hungarian crown. Simply defined the relationship between Hungary and Croatia with the updated Austrian-Hungary monarchy

Napoleonic Wars

Redefined national boundaries, the idea of national identity and culture, enlightenment ideas, and revolutionary hopes, brought large new populations into the Austrian Empire

Nation

the idea of a united body of people typically with unified administrative authority

Nationalism

pride and identification with a nation as well as the goal to promote its growth and development

Noble Diet

Ruling body of the Kingdon of Hungary. Left alone mostly by Maria Theresa because of their backing of her. Joseph II tried to centralize this power with the Habsburg monarchy prompting resistance from Hungarian politicians and nobles

Otto von Bismarck

Germany nationalist that believed in the necessity of military force to unify Germany through 3 step process: War with Denmark, then Austria (resulted in the North German Confederation- which had universal male suffrage), then France.

Pragmatic Sanction

A decree made by Charles VI that stated the inseparability of acquired Habsburg territories. Was the origin of a unified Habsburg state and was ratified by many diets afraid of instability if at the possibility of Habsburg collapse. First piece of legislation that referenced a “composite monarchy” or single political unit

Prince Eugene of Savoy

Imperial military officer that had decades of service to the Habsburgs, definingly in his dealings with the Ottomans and his prevention of their expansion (which ceded Hungary and Transylvania to Austria

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Military and political official in Austria who handled the Vienna Revolution. Very anti-revolution, nationalism, and reform. Metternich’s police state feared popular mobilization the French revolution had produced. Regime spied and censored its subjects

Revolutions of 1848/9

Widespread uprising across Habsburg empire fueled by unrest as well as nationalist movements

Vienna Revolution demanded freedom of press and a constitution that allowed universal manhood suffurage

Robot

Institution of labor service that demanded a certain number of days’ labor from peasants per week for their landowners. Led to the neglect of personal farms and production

Schonbrunn Palace

historical Habsburg home

Secularism

Joseph II removed Catholic influence from censorship laws, through a 1781 order ended discrimination for all Christian denominations possible, Catholic holidays were abolished, land was taken by the state and taxed if it wasn’t being used to better or make more productive society

Seven Year War

MT’s war over Silesia, did not get it back

Silesia

Providence that Prussia took that MT wanted to take back

Trieste

Free port city that Maria Theresa encouraged trade in amongst non-Catholic groups. In 1746 these groups were allowed to organize into a corporate body along with religious freedoms and local and civil economic rights.

Toleration Patents

Stipulated by Joseph II that presented non-Catholics, particularly Jewish people, with limited privileges like removing taxes that indirectly categorized Jewish merchants as animals

Universal Manhood Suffrage

Granted by Settlement Agreement

Vienna

Center of Habsburg power, held important cultural, political, economic sights and movements

Vormarz

period of time after 1848 that was characterized by the collective promotion of the advancement of a common imperial project through reform that the emperor himself would’ve been worried about

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

musician who created the Magic Flute

The Magic Flute

Mozart’s opera that deals with the issues of national identity and who would be included in that, Maria Theresa’s role as a woman and a ruler, and the cultural prevalence of the arts

AGBG

Joseph II’s civil law code that had radical ideas of citizenship. Subjects were transformed into equals citizens under the law. Austrian State provided citizens with innate rights according to natural law

Austrian Empire (1804)

The name of the Habsburg Empire starting in 1804. Established through the notions of Imperial patriotism and resulted from social groups growing identification with their empire. Transformation of diverse holdings into a single state

Austro-Prussian War 1866

Resulted in Austria losing its traditional political hegemony in Germany

Ban Josip Jelacic

Croatian general in the imperial army that put down Hungarian revolutionaries which provoked Hungarians

Baroque

Period of art, concerned with counterreformation Catholicism, excess, architecture to symbolism imperial power

Battle of White Mountain (1620)

Habsburg counterreformation victory over Bohemia. Represented imperial strength, religious backing, and wiping out of old Czech noble houses and establishment of new nobility

Belvedere Palace

Historic Habsburg cultural venue located in Vienna. Displayed the imperial art collection. Open to public access